Essay on Machiavelli’s “The Prince” Essay

Since the beginning of civilization man has continually been faced with the complexity of creating a peaceful and unified existence for all, without resistance or violence. People have been trying to develop a system of how to rule effectively while acting ethically and morally to avoid chaos and destruction. However, as history has shown us this has not been an easy endeavor and very few rulers have been able to accomplish this. â€Å"This leads us to a question that is in dispute: Is it better to be loved than feared, or vice versa?† (Machiavelli, 51) An effective ruler would be one that relies upon fear without hatred, rather than love, as described by Niccolo Machiavelli in his book The Prince. In a perfect world all people would be good-hearted, all would treat each other equally, and all would follow and respect the rules of society. Machiavelli points out that people tend to focus how the world should be rather than how it is. â€Å"Let us leave to one side, then, all discussion of imaginary rulers and talk about practical realities.† (Machiavelli, 48) It is easier to complain about problems and society than it is to become a leader and produce positive change. All individuals have different perceptions of what it takes to keep order in a world where not all is good and not everyone gets along. It is easy for one to discuss ideals of how things ought to be, and to use reality to form a dream of something different that we believe would be better than the current state of affairs. Dreams though can not be actualized without action, and all the discussion in the world will accomplish nothing if everyone sits idly by. We all want peace, and in order to have peace there must be structure and in order to have structure you must have an effective leader that you trust to design the framework of how things will work. Ideally all would want a leader that is trustworthy, just, intelligent, compassionate, giving, and loyal to the people while at the same time having the ability to protect society from harm. â€Å"Now I know everyone will agree that if a ruler could have all the good qualities I have listed and none of the bad ones, then this would be an excellent state of affairs. But one can not have all the good qualities, nor always act in a praiseworthy fashion, for we do not live in an ideal world.† (Machiavelli, 48) Unfortunately in reality we can not have a leader that stands on a platform of extreme love or extreme hatred, if we expect to  remain safe and unharmed from the rest of the world. You need someone that is tough, and has the ability to enforce and maintain order upon people who are not always good and reliable, people who are selfish and have their own interests above all else. In reality people do not act responsibly out of love and consideration for others, but of fear what will happen if they do not act accordingly. It is important to keep in mind that to be feared is different than being hated. â€Å"But fear restrains men because they are afraid of punishment, and this fear never leaves them. Still, a ruler should make himself feared in such a way that, if he does not inspire love, at least he does not provoke hatred. For it is perfectly possible to be feared and not hated.† (Machiavelli, 52) If there were no consequences for bad behavior, people would have no reason to act any differently. It is not that punishment in itself creates hatred, but it is how the people are punished that will determine the fear or the hatred they have for their ruler. For example if one is caught stealing and then punished by having to serve some time in jail, that would cause them to fear you and to abide by the law. On the other hand if the punishment were death it would cause the people to hate the ruler for being so un-just and immoral. When a ruler becomes hated they lose all respect and control over the people, for they will reach a point that they can no longer endure the cruelty and rise against you. â€Å"Indeed, one of the most effective defenses a ruler has against conspiracies is to make sure he is not generally hated. For conspirators always believe the assassination of the ruler will be approved by the people.† (Machiavelli, 57) When people feel as they have been oppressed and abused for to long they will revolt and not think twice about getting rid of the ruler they are discontented with. For once the people have become determined to over throw their ruler, they have already lost all faith and feel there is nothing else to lose whether they are successful or not. It is not enough for a Ruler to be strictly feared, but to also appear to have some compassion and respect for the people that he oversees. It is imperative that an effective ruler is one that can balance fear, goodness, authority, respect, and compassion if he wishes to maintain harmonious  control. â€Å"So it is necessary for a ruler, if he wants to hold on to power, to learn how not to be good, and to know when it is and when it is not necessary to use this knowledge.† (Machiavelli, 48) The point Machiavelli makes here is that it is not enough to be completely good or completely evil, but to know when to do bad things in order to create good. Power is ultimately based on violence, and sometimes in order to preserve sovereignty and authoritative command, a ruler must engage in what society deems as immoral acts such as lying, betrayal, and even murder. So the conclusion is: If you take control of a state, you should make a list of all the crimes you have to commit and do them all at once. That way you will not have to commit new atrocities every day, and you will be able, by not repeating your evil deeds, to reassure your subjects and to win their support by treating them well. He, who acts otherwise, either out of squeamishness or out of bad judgment, has to hold a bloody knife in his hand all the time. A hated, thus unsuccessful ruler would be one that would not know his limits, and continue to use violence to obtain desired results. A wise ruler would be one who could look ahead and see when it is necessary to do harm so that he can know exactly what needs to be done, how to do it, and when to do it. Most importantly the ruler must have the ability to stop once what he has set out to do is accomplished. Violence and evil doing must be used sparingly to prevent the populous from hating you. A powerful leader needs the ability to equally rely upon intelligence and brute force, he must be able to discern when to use the different characteristics and be able to step into the role of either the lion or the fox at any moment. â€Å"Since a ruler, then, needs to know how to make good use of beastly qualities, he should take as his models among the animals both the fox and the lion, for the lion does not know how to avoid traps, and the fox is easily overpowered by wolves. So you must be a fox when it comes to suspecting a trap and a lion when it comes to making the wolves turn tail.† (Machiavelli, 54) Machiavelli is referring to the symbolism of the lion over the monarch power in England. The lion represented courage, strength, and  leadership; it was seen as being the dominant animal that could wipe out smaller animals. A fox on the other hand is timid, reserved, and clever; it thinks before it acts. There are only two ways to obtain power, either lawfully or un-lawfully. To do it lawfully is to be considered human and to do it un-lawfully by inciting violence is to be considered animalistic, so when stepping outside the law a ruler must choose whether to be lion and exercise brute force or to be the fox and exercise the mind. Nevertheless, you should be careful how you assess the situation and should think twice before you act. Do not be afraid of your own shadow. Employ policies that are moderated by prudence and sympathy. Avoid excessive self-confidence, which leads to carelessness, and avoid excessive timidity, which will make you insupportable. Machiavelli is reinforcing the significance of a ruler to have the ability to know when to act like a man and when to act like an animal. A feared but not hated ruler is one that does not act upon impulse but carefully calculates his moves in order to do what is necessary for the people, even if it means acting outside of the law. This essay began with the notion that if one wishes to be a successful ruler he or she must induce fear among the people to gain their respect as opposed to loving and being loved. How a ruler treats the people and how the people treat the ruler is the determining factor of how successful society will be. We have to look at the relationship between the people and the ruler as we would the relationship between a child and a parent. To be an effective parent you can not inflict harm upon your child, but you can inflict fear by imposing consequences to their negative behavior. If a child does something wrong we do not physically abuse him or her, but make them sit in time out or perhaps take away a privilege like playing video games. The child may be upset with you for a short time, but will not hate you and will respect your authority enough to abide by the rules in the future. On the other hand though, if you play the role of the best friend and consequences for negative behavior are non-existent then the child will go about doing what they please without regard for anyone else. Once the child realizes that he  or she will not be punished they have the ability to over power the parent. Religion also uses fear in order to enhance positive behavior and love among the people. No matter which religion one chooses to believe, he or she does not always willingly act with morals and ethics because in their heart they believe its right, but do so because they fear what will happen to their soul if they don’t. People fear negative consequences whether it is timeout, prison, or even hell and will most always act how they are told in order to avoid such punishments. Ruling with fear to create stability and harmony can be used in many everyday situations whether running the country, the household, the office, or the church. Bibliography Wootton, David, ed. The Prince. Indiana: Hackett Publishing Company, Inc., 1995.

The Character of Cities

In this course we have learned that a city’s character is â€Å"a legacy for seeing, interpreting, exploiting, and transforming its social, cultural and political opportunities as a physical community. † How is it possible for a city like Boston to have character? Well, the institutional and cultural continuity along with the resistance and reconstruction of culture has allowed the character of Boston to be defined simply by the underlying idea of conflict. Through J Anthony Lukas’ Common Ground and Richard Broadman’s Mission Hill and the Miracle of Boston, we can see that the catalyst for this sense of conflict has been social dissentions between classes and races. These dissentions are clearly detailed through both the Urban Renewal plans of Mission Hill in the 1960s and 1970s and the school busing case of 1974. When looking at the character of Boston one must understand the amount of controversy our city has encountered as well as the way they have identified and resolved these crisis’s. Through this deduction along with my own personal experience of living in Boston a step towards finding a distinct character of Boston may be possible. When analyzing conflict as the character of Boston, you will find that conflict is triadic not dyadic. This means that there are three parties involved instead of just two parties. This is important when looking at the two issues of urban renewal and busing. The concept of conflict includes established insiders with many options, struggling insiders with some options and ascendant outsiders with few or no options. When comparing this information to both urban renewal cases and the busing you will see that Boston does in fact have three parties for each of its conflicts. The politicians play the role of the established insiders; the white race plays the role as the struggling insiders and the minorities especially the African-Americans play the role of the ascendant outsiders. An alliance between the established insiders and the ascendant outsiders caused the isolation of the struggling insiders and this provides us with the busing case of 1974. When these groups form alliances or make certain deals the health of the city especially Boston may be disturbed. Boston has always been an ambivalent city when it comes to looking at new issues. This ambivalence has caused much friction and has brought much confusion and anger to the citizens of the city of Boston. For example, In Richard Broadman’s Mission Hill Miracle of Boston, you see a detailed look at the urban renewal plans for Mission Hill in the 1970s. Could it be possible that Mission Hill would end up like the West End? There was no chance that Mission Hill would end up like the West End because of the interaction and care the citizens of the Hill had for its neighborhood. Many of the people of Boston especially the Irish-Catholics had been oppressed for so long, for example the slogan, â€Å"Irish need not apply! † However when James Michael Curley came to office as mayor of Boston he gave the citizens of Boston a new hope. The conflict during his reign existed between the Yankees and the Irish. The Yankees owned the city while the Irish ran the city politically. The variance of the Yankee world of Harvard University, the Back Bay and Beacon Hill from the lives of a typical Irish Mission Hill citizen was pretty substantial. With the reign of Curley a sense of confidence in the Irish-Catholic community existed long after his term in office. Even though Curley was not reelected the atmosphere that he created in Boston lingered on and trickled down throughout the next two decades. From Mission Hill once being â€Å"an industrial neighborhood part of thriving industrial city,† is now today â€Å"an area torn by racial conflict with many burned and abandoned houses and factories with large open spaces where homes once stood. † From this 1974 quote you can get a sense of the aftermath of the urban renewal and flight of the African-American population into the projects. When the Urban Renewal Act was first presented, the citizens of the Hill were adamant about their disdain for the Act. There is â€Å"no way are they gonna take any property on Mission Hill because if they take one street then it was the beginning of the end; Mission Hill would no longer be. † The sense of community in Mission Hill was fantastic. The sense of togetherness and fight was combined and created into a massive force of angered citizens. The Urban Renewal Act was halted when the families of Mission Hill marched on the State House coming in droves of people. But the conflict between the citizens and the politicians would take a new turn when Harvard University and the hospitals would enter into the battle. New conflict, new problems. The idea of â€Å"who cares about the people only the land is important† was very evident. Before in 1941 when the first small projects were built, an affordable, easy cost of living was accessible. The difference between these projects and the ones built later in the 1950s was that you had voters and political pull actually living in these projects. So the projects were kept safe, new and beautiful. However, when the political pull was lost and the projects lost its importance blacks were forced to live there. Whites felt that Blacks were forced on them because of the Urban Renewal plan. Before this the Blacks and the Whites never really crossed paths and never had much conflict. And Harvard’s involvement had been trying to buy out the Mission Hill area since 1960. They have tried to buy it out piece by piece like a puzzle. The citizens of the Hill feel that â€Å"they are letting the neighborhood go to the dogs. † This conflict has been such a problem that some people believed in the 1970s that Mission Hill might one day not exist because of the growth of the hospitals. Boston according to J Anthony Lukas is the â€Å"cradle of liberty, no city in the nation can boast so many revolutionary events. †(Lukas, 315) When talking about conflict and the city of Boston the most recent case would be the school busing case of 1974. There is no bigger case concerning the desegregation of schools in the city of Boston. The reaction from the citizens of the city especially the citizens of South Boston and Charlestown have made Boston famous for its volatile reaction. In June of 1974 Judge Arthur Garrity found the city of Boston guilty of de facto segregation of the public school system. In that, he tried to get the school committee to adopt a plan for integration but they refused. He was forced along with the state Department of Education to devise a plan that would integrate the Boston public schools. This plan entailed busing black students to nearby white schools in order for the black students to receive an equal opportunity of education. When these black students arrived to class on September 12, 1974 they were greeted with stoned buses, people shouting racial profanities at them, and people hurling eggs and rotten tomatoes. A typical day according to Phyllis Ellison, a black student who attended South Boston High School, included â€Å"between 10 to 15 fights! † â€Å"Teachers were almost afraid to say the wrong thing, because they knew that it would excite the whole class. † On December 11, 1974 tension ran high and escalated further. A black student at South Boston High stabbed a white classmate. This created such problems that black students had to hide in the principle’s office in order to stay free from any violent behavior towards them. Parents were forced to come pick their children up; some even carried their children out. The scene in the schools was out of control. J Anthony Lukas explains how school would be canceled at least once or twice a week because tension was too high. Lisa McGoff Collins explains, â€Å"I missed so many days of my junior year from walkouts and sit-ins and boycotts, I’m surprised I got promoted. † In Common Ground, we are introduced to three very different families. Through Lukas’ extensive interviews with the black family, the Twymons, the white middle class family, the Divers and the working Irish class family, the McGoffs we are invited into the world of the desegregation case of 1974. Lukas is able to present the ideas of the city of Boston (the school committee and the politicians) as well as the ideas of the three families from three very different lenses. Lukas’ book provides us with a valuable insight into the American urban experience, as it makes clear that urban communities stem from the perceptions and fears of every type of urban resident. It is evident that the residents of South Boston fall into this category. Many students as well as their parents spent that first day of school out on the street pelting the buses with whatever objects they could find. A boycott of the schools led to a 20 percent attendance record throughout that fall. South Boston residents were angered by the way this was being forced onto them. South Boston was a safe, industrious neighborhood that was being used to bear the brunt of the busing problems. â€Å"Why should a kid from across town be forced to wear another school’s colors on the gridiron? † This sense of competition and loyalty to your hometown was ever present and strong. People felt that Garrity being a WASP was getting his ultimate revenge on the Irish of Boston, â€Å"busing would fix them. To understand what busing did to South Boston one must look at the numbers. In the decade before busing only 3 black students had been enrolled in South Boston High School. By 1986, South Boston High still had the highest percentage of white students but it was down to about 30 percent. This is a great variance from the early 1970s. South Boston was changing and the city of Boston was changing. What has busing done to the city of Boston? It has given the city a better understanding of how to live with various ethnic races. Also, it has woken the city up and gotten rid of the fright that many people lived with in Boston. The fright of the other races and the possibilities of what these â€Å"races† could do to us. As the population grew and the sense of loyalty to your hometown outgrew busing became more accepted. In a way the people of Boston have learned from this social experiment. I believe that in trying to desegregate the schools and using busing as a tool, that we have brought education in Boston to an ultimate low. However, the diversity and experiences kids are introduced to may someday help in their own personal lives. Personally, coming from a prestigious school which is now addressing its own racial quota problems; I am glad I was introduced to many ethnic people. It was not only the minorities that enriched my life but it was the other white kids from Southie and Charlestown that I became intrigued by. I was interested in how a kid like me (that looked like me and had the same interests) acted even though he or she was from a different part of Boston. In some instances I had more in common with the black kid from Mattapan than the white kid from South Boston. The issue of what type of education you want your child to be exposed to the central theme here. Do you want the prestigious scholastic education of a Boston Latin or do you want the diversity of a Snowden or South Boston High. Boston has done a pretty good job at identifying important issues for the city to deal with but the decisions they have made concerning the urban renewal and bussing have left many people wondering what is going on with the city. Maybe these instances where city officials and politicians mess up help build the â€Å"character† of the city. What type of a city is Boston? That is a question that has many answers. Is it the Athens of America or the home of Yankee conservatives who want to stamp out diversity? In an overview one can see that Boston has built its reputation through the conflict that it has encountered. Whether the city has addressed these issues with the right answers or not it has made Boston a better place to be because it has already experienced so many things. From early revolutionary leaders to the fairly recent quota case at Boston Latin, Boston had seen its share of social dissention. Boston has resolved conflicts between different groups very professionally and orderly. In the past thirty years since the busing case not many cases of racial problems have surfaced. I think Boston provides the country with a very detailed and specific look at its issues. It seems that all sides of the issue are looked at very carefully before a decision is made. Through the urban renewal case and the busing case of 1974 one can see that when finding a distinct characteristic one would find conflict to be it. This sense of conflict surrounds every issue and blankets the ideas expressed in the movie, Mission Hill Miracle of Boston and the book Common Ground.

Pro Merger And Anti Merger Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4250 words

Pro Merger And Anti Merger - Essay Example This draws the attention of media to the spate of marriages. The articles had shown a slew of divorces from trade to local to business press. The most recent ones are the AT&T’s announcement of its division into four entities – business, broadband, wireless and consumer and separation of British Telecom into retail and wholesale segments in its fixed line business in UK. It is difficult to identify the logic behind the changes in activity. In the world of mergers and acquisitions, the chaos still remains. The deeper analysis shows the consolidation of industries conforming to set of laws. The companies analysing the position of their industries on the consolidation curve and developing strategies according to that led them to win. The study conducted by A.T. Kearney shows that a distinct pattern is followed by the activity of consolidation. It makes progress in four phases with varying lengths. Mergers vary proportionally in reverse order to the extent of consolidation. Each consolidating industry passing through four different stages are opening, accumulation, focus and alliance. The time period from first stage to final stage stretches over 20 years approximately. An industry can increase its merger and acquisition from starting at low level of concentration till the saturation is reached. The activities of merger are also dependent on the movement of stock. The rising stocks provide considerable acquisition currency to the companies (Maire and Collerette, 2010, p.281). Massive deregulation in economic sectors and growing globalization also affect consolidations as the levels of stock market affect it. They drive stock prices and consolidation. Consolidation also boost stock prices because the top management is judged in terms of growth usually on its performance and also because the mergers open the access to international capital markets. Other than the phase specific development and cross industry patterns, there are other factors that accelerate industry consolidation like capital market pressures, globalization, advent of internet, technology infrastructure to support networking. More value can be achieved by the company which is demanded by the capital markets through acquisitions and mergers. The infrastructure of technology providing the facility of communicati on to companies outside their own walls influences the activity of consolidation. The communication via internet and potential of integration facilitates the management of complex enterprises. This makes more mergers and acquisitions possible. As companies strive to get bigger, market fragmentation is followed by consolidation waves. On reaching a certain degree of concentration, the mergers decline. The businesses focus on its core competencies at that time until it no longer look for merger and acquisition rather it choose alliances. Knowing the phases and patterns of the activity of merger and acquisition enable the knowledgeable players understanding the scene of merger in their industry, evaluating the

American Natural History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

American Natural History - Essay Example These eras are characterized in the essay based on the environmental situation of the Americas and its ways of improving the nature. Lastly, a comparison of the previous and past concepts of improving the nature will also be briefly discussed in this essay. The Colonial Period The Columbian Era October (1492-1502) The highlight of the environmental history of the United States started with Columbus’ arrival in San Salvador. Changes in the Land, written by William Cronon, documented how Columbus’ and other colonists’ arrival marked the beginning of people’s different attitude towards the environment. Columbus’ â€Å"Columbian Exchange† made possible the exchanges of diseases, plants, animals, and others that strengthened the link between Europe and America (Magoc 6). Loss of lives was a result of the natives’ willingness and active participation in trading. Mercantilism, which entails the extraction of natural resources for trading, exi sted between the native Indians and the colonists. By saying so, the gradual destruction of the native Indians’ environment was a result of their willingness in forging trading with the colonists which entails extraction of anything that can be exchanged to the Europeans. In other words, the natives were not forced to engage in trading; they simply did what they think could serve their needs. The precolonial and colonial period were marked by an abundance of natural resources, or as Cronon suggests, â€Å"limitless and overflowing† resources (168). The natives believe that their resources are endless, but the arrival of the Europeans made their beliefs changed. The colonists instilled in them the idea that nature’s abundance is limited. Nature, by all means, can be altered, diminished, or affected depending on how and to what extent the resources are used. Furthermore, land ownership has also altered the way the natives view possessions. The Europeans made them believe that even lands can be traded. The natives’ relationship with the land is a transient one, something that made them utilized the land based on how much it can provide them in a given period of time. What they believed to be traded with the colonists is not the land itself, but the rights associated with its use, such as the rights to till and hunt. However, that is not how the Europeans viewed mercantilism. This is enough to say that complacency and confidence towards the Europeans eventually started the destruction of the environment. Using land to trade is environmentally devastating because no one knows how it is going to be utilized. Altering them for mercantilism purposes destructs the whole naturality of the land. Worse, when one gets benefits from the land after a commercial venture, he or she is not satisfied and wants even more from changing the land. Humans are innately not contented creatures. The evidence, as documented by Cronon, was the European’s demand for fur bearing animals and beaver. As a result, beaver’s population diminished and affected the ecological balance. In Cronon’s words, â€Å"Beaver dams provided a natural alteration of the ecosystem. Eliminating the dam makers meant recreating the environment† (107). When there were acres of arable land, colonists also flocked the area, and this created a

Take Home Exam Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Take Home Exam - Essay Example In a broader sense, the objective theories are methodical, possessing a technical background. Their goal is to test proposed arguments in order to make a clear understanding of facts. They tend to ensure that authenticity is presented in an accurate way. The objective views are remarkable in determining the endeavors and certainty of the general laws. Avoidance of biasness by the researcher is excellent in the objective theories. They do not incorporate personal views of the researcher in the outcome of the research course. In the onset of the research, the objective theories begin with a notion of predictable outcomes. These predictions are the building blocks of the outcome in the objective theory. They tend to search for rationalization of the reasons for the responses that occur due to specific motivators in nature, with the use of scientific techniques of research that provide quantitative analysis of data derived from practical survey and analytical research. Conversely, interpretative theories base their arguments and understanding on communication portraying that reality is a communal affair. The language of a community is portrayed as the base of realism. If pursued further, they tend to lay emphasis on written language as the starting point for reality. The interpretative theories tend to have a specific standpoint that they assume is the most important position for putting forward factors concerning reality. They tend to have a biased approach towards the truth. Personal opinion of the researcher is welcome in the outcome of the findings. Each finding is explained in its own circumstance. They also tend to promote believe that the intention of research is cognizant of the prevailing situation, leaving researchers to incorporate their own ideologies in the research findings. A good objective theory seeks to produce the final information from the data acquired in the research as well as explaining the meaning of all data appearing on the findings. It

Control in an Organization Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Control in an Organization - Case Study Example Whisemand and Ferguson (2009) proposed a management style called Agile Organization that expands the perception on police forces. The proponent has taken into account years on experience as a police officer before drawing such strategy. Whisemand and Ferguson maintain that police organizations need to define their values. These are the aspects that give justification to their existence and foundations for all police actions. The next part involves the creation of a vision. The vision serves as the operational backbone and leads the force to their plotted goals. Whisemand and Ferguson contend that the vision has to prepare policemen to changes as well as improve the flexibility of the organization. The size of the police force is important in the success of the entity. Whisemand and Ferguson suggest that â€Å"The Rule of 150† (2009, 288) is the best start. Increasing the number of policemen beyond 150 poses several problems especially in the management aspect. Bureaucracy beco mes an issue when there are several chains and subsections. Lean organizations ensure better lateral movement and improvement communication within the organization. Speed often makes or breaks organizations. The pace in which leaders react to important events related to the police for will determine future success. Decision making is critical and such needs to be carried out seamlessly. For most crime victims, justice starts when the police force does their homework and resolves the cases. Moreover, information dissemination has to speed up to improve overall police work. Alternative approaches to managing police organizations require limitless possibilities. This means ending of boundaries within organizations such as making the operation more efficient and leaving by-the-book styles behind. More important, an entity of meritocracy has to be implemented where promotions are not based on connections or in most cases seniority. Most police entities have fixed goals and plans. Whisema nd and Ferguson proposes a brand of management that stretches these goals. The aim of this scheme is to eliminate rigid views and open an avenue of ideas and useful insight. Despite the complex issues facing police organizations, operations need to be done with simplicity. The method of communication has to be concise and delivered with a sense of clarity. In addition, facts and statistics have to be presented in a manner understandable to all stakeholders. At the end of an operating year, there has to be an evaluation done by the management. This involves an appraisal of decisions made and plans put to action. This ensures that past mistakes are prevented and contingency measures are drafted in the future. Also, continuous improvement has to be a theme well embedded among

Database Implementation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Database Implementation - Essay Example Database is said to be normalized if only it is in 3NF. The following rules are followed when normalizing a table in the 1NF for an organized database. The first step involves the eliminating of the columns which are in the same table; the second step is to create a separate table for every group of the related data then identifies every row with the unique columns that is the primary key. The tables in Community library database have not met the requirement of the 1NF, 2NF, and 3 NF since different columns in the tables has been repeated. The columns of the table repeatedly include the column of the data type, length and descriptions. This table can be created as a one table as shown below; This step addresses a concept of removing data which are repeated in a given table. It has rules which must be followed during normalization. The first step is making sure that the requirements in the first normal form are met. Secondly, remove the subsets of data which multiples the rows of the table then place the data in different tables. The third step is creating the relationships between the tables as well as, predecessors by use of the foreign keys (Coronel, 2011). Data should always be organized properly in the database. It is done by creating tables as well as, establishing the relationships between the tables in regard to the rules designed to protect the data and to make database to be flexible by removing the redundancy as well as, inconsistent dependency. Redundant data is known to be wasting the disk space as well as, creating the maintenance problems. If the data which exists in many places must be changed, the data must be changed in precisely to the same way in all

Ethics, Virtue and Moral Agency Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Ethics, Virtue and Moral Agency - Assignment Example Virtues are the good behavior and morals aimed at promoting good and peaceful coexistence between people and doing good both to oneself and others (David, 77). I prefer that ethics is a real requirement for living in life since without it, the human actions are random and useless. There would be no way to choose between a good goal and a wrong one if there will be none to choose upon. I personally view myself as believing in having virtues to be very important in life. This is because moral goodness is important for peaceful coexistence amongst people in the society. An example is the importance of the virtue of chastity especially among women in my community (David, 34). This will create peace in the community. Another example is the importance of the virtue of patience in society. Moral agency is also important to me very much. It is good to act properly in accordance to the community’s notion. Since everyone has the freedom of choosing what to do, I am always for the choice of doing the right just to avoid problems in

What evidence is there that ant-corrupation campaigns are effective Essay

What evidence is there that ant-corrupation campaigns are effective where they are not, why not - Essay Example istance of anticorruption bodies to restore their hopes by upholding integrity in the public service departments, a fight that has had success in some societies and failure in others. A state such as Georgia has had a long struggle to stem out the vice, through vigorous anticorruption campaigns some initiated by the citizens themselves. The political leadership in 2003, under the then president Eduard Shevardnadze may bear witness to this (Pupo, 2005). Citizens were treated to an unfair election, which was marred by cases of rigging by parliamentarians. However, intense campaigns forced Eduard to resign as the president, paving way for the election of Mikhail Saakashvili, who came into power with the promise to fight hard on corruption and to restore the lost glory. His rule saw the firing of rogue public officers, some who had been appointed through nepotism, as well as more than 5000 corrupt police officers (Pupo, 2005). Due to these efforts, Georgia has become one of the leading states with low corruption rate, a fact that has earned it assistance from countries such as US through their millennium challenge accounts. Hong Kong was once described as a society that was drowning in deep waters of corruption but to the surprise of many, this vice has been dealt with accordingly over time, considerably lowering the rate of incidences. This can be attributed to the efforts of Independent Commission against Corruption (ICAC), which invested a lot of efforts and time to create public awareness as well as educating private and government officials on the dangers of corruption through forums and the media (Lethbridge, 2005). The country may not be considered as being wealthy but it scores highly as compared to some of the developed countries such as Italy. On the contrary, Italy’s case has taken a different direction, whereby despite having almost won the war on corruption, through the infamous clean hands campaign, the corruption levels have continued to rise at an

PERSONAL STATEMENT Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Personal Statement Example I have always strived to excel in what I do and would therefore like to sharpen my skills and update myself with the latest topics and technologies in this field. Pursuing an educational program that would give me a comprehensive exposure in industrial engineering will prepare me for a career in this field. In today’s competitive environment filled with challenges and demands on professionalism, I have to make sure that I am able to outperform all the others in this field. Since a mediocre performance and knowledge on the subject will not take me very far, I need to get the knowledge from an educational institution that offers a well rounded exposure and prepares future industrial engineers to face the challenging times. This includes theoretical and practical training in management techniques, people management skills and computer technology in addition to the basic engineering knowledge. Although I anticipate that my career will be filled with challenges and demanding situations, I expect it to be very satisfying as I see the projects that I design being built to completion. My areas of interest include investigation of analytical and computational methods for optimization, risk analysis, and development of methodologies for the design, planning and control of systems especially in governmental services. I believe that being part of governmental services, I will be able to make a stronger impact on the society and the country at large. The exposure in industrial engineering will therefore help me to add more value to the organization I chose to work with in the future. This way, I can also give back to the society which has had a major role in helping me achieve this level of education. In addition to this, I also aim to be a role model for people from my community to strive to do their best and be able to establish themselves in the field of industrial engineering. In the past minority groups have always been discriminated against and

Froebel Kindergarten Essay Example for Free

Froebel Kindergarten Essay Freidrich W. A. Froebel is best known as the founder of kindergarten. He was a German educationalist. Froebel was born in 1782 in a village in Germany. His childhood was difficult because his mother died when he was a baby and his father abandoned him. Froebel was given to his uncle’s care. Between 1808-1810 he attended the training institute run by John Pestalozzi at Yverdon. Froebel left the institution accepting the basic principles of Pestalozzis theory: permissive school atmosphere, emphasis on nature, and the object lesson. Froebel, however, was a strong idealist whose view of education was closely related to religion. He believed that everything in this world was developed according to the plan of God. He felt that something was missing in Pestalozzis theory: the spiritual mechanism that, according to Froebel, was the foundation of early learning. Froebels philosophy of education rested on four basic ideas: free self-expression, creativity, social participation, and motor expression. Froebel began to focus on the needs of children just prior to entering school. He envisioned a place attended by 4-6 year olds where children would be nurtured and protected from outside influences—like plants in a garden. Froebel decided to call his school kindergarten, which in German means child garden. Froebel began a training institute for the teachers of his schools. He believed that teachers should be highly respected people with values that the children should imitate. The teacher should also be a sensitive, open, and easily approachable person. Froebels first kindergarten was founded in 1837 in Blakenburg Germany. It featured games, play, songs, stories, and crafts to stimulate imagination and develop physical and motor skills. The materials in the room were divided into two categories: gifts and occupations. Gifts were objects that were fixed in form such as blocks. The purpose was that in playing with the object the child would learn the underlying concept represented by the object. Occupations allowed more freedom and consisted of things that children could shape and manipulate such as clay, sand, beads, string etc. There was an underlying symbolic meaning in all that was done. Even clean up time was seen as a final concrete reminder to the child of Gods plan for moral and social order. In 1848, the Prussian government ordered these schools to be closed because they did not agree with Froebel’s ideas. Then Froebel died in 1852, not knowing the impact his work would have on the U. S. school system. Then many Germans immigrated to the United States after the German Revolution. Among them were women trained in the Froebel system of education. It was these women who were responsible for bringing kindergarten to the United States. The first U. S. kindergarten was for German immigrant children in Wisconsin and taught in German. Then in 1873 kindergarten was introduced in the public American schools. Freidrich Froebels ideas provided the major direction for kindergarten curriculum during the last half of the nineteenth century. Many of his ideas can still be observed in kindergarten today: learning through play, group games, goal oriented activities, and outdoor time. Now applying Froebel’s philosophy of education to the Bahamas. From the National Task Force on Education (1994) Final report. This was stated about Pre-Schools. PICTURE. But yes we do have active kindergartens in many schools. I know for sure on the island of Eleuthera there is the kindergarten section in all of the primary schools. But upon my research I found that there are kindergarten sections in only a few schools here in New Providence. Example: The Bahamas Academy School. Here is a quick look at their curriculum. Then there is one in Yellow Elder Gardens and Elizabeth Estates. REPORTING TODAY FROM THE EDUCATIONAL CHANNEL, I’M VASHTE’ NAIRN.

Wife and Filipino Women Essay Example for Free

Wife and Filipino Women Essay â€Å"They seemed faded plants sown and reared in darkness, having flowers without perfume and fruits without the sap†, Jose Rizal said in his letter â€Å"To the Young Women of Malolos† that the women were very passive to what the church teaches them but he had been proven wrong when the news of what had happened in Malolos reached him. In his letter, Rizal praised and honored the twenty brave women of the town for their victorious battle for their just demand to education and their battle to stop slavery to the friars. He also emphasized the obligations and roles of the Filipino mothers to their children; he compared the Filipino women to the Spartan women as role model. Rizal concluded his letter by encouraging the Filipino women to Let us, therefore, reflect; let us consider our situation and see how we stand†¦. May your desire to educate yourself be crowned with success†. The part which struck me most is where Rizal made mention of a situation to one of the mothers of Sparta, handed the shield to her son who said nothing but to return triumph or return dead. I find the scenario a bit heartbreaking and ironic when the other Spartan mother was told by a soldier that her three sons had died and replied that she was not asking about her sons but only wants to know whether they won or not. The soldier said they were victorious and the mother just went to the temple to thank God. Rizal compared the Filipino women and the foreign women, which entails his huge respect to the Filipino women on their vital roles as mothers and wives. Being the foundation of principles and values in ensuring the progress of the nation, a mother should nourish her children with proper values, desired knowledge and shape them to become God-fearing and responsible citizens. As a wife, a Filipina must support her husband in every problem, inspire him, encourage him, take a part with him all obstacles and dangers, to sympathize and comfort him in bad times, guide him to conquer his fears and struggle to achieve their goals in life. And as a mother, she must educate her children love of honor, love of fellowmen, love of country and love of God. This is the best writing of Rizal I have read so far. I admire him and respect everything he wrote in his letter. Rizal sets his standards of an â€Å"Ideal and Perfect Filipina†, one must have fine demeanor, well-mannered, clean conscience and correct thinking. The message of the letter is clear, it focuses on the most important issues the country is facing during those times, such as the maltreatment and abuse of the friars in exercising their spiritual authority bestowed upon them by the church and the great desire for Filipino women to enjoy the privileges in education with men. The letter speaks of the duties and obligations of Filipino mothers to the youth, the roles of a wife to her husband and guidance to young women on their choice of their lifetime partner. The letter also speaks of the philosophy of freedom and independence that would be a key for the emancipation of humankind from slavery, and the necessity for education as the fundamental source of liberation, to quote from Rizal, â€Å"Men are born equal, naked. God did not create men to be slaves, nor did he embellish them with reason in order to be blinded by others†.

Review of literature

Review of literature REVIEW OF LITERATURE Porters (1980) segmentation analysis has plenty of value to describe competition amongst participants. This approach establishes how and by which means positions of dominance are achieved. Studies based on this methodology have been applied to banking to assess the competitive process. Finlay (2000) suggested that Market Penetration fits strategically for a firm when current markets are not saturated for the types of offer the firm is making and its present customers can be induced to buy more. And typically, when a company wants to attack the market share of the competitors, they will undertake market penetration as a way of increasing their own share in the market. Similarly, Oster (1994) contended that the size of the market share held by the firm as well as the size of the major firms in the market are important considerations. He suggests that firms with relatively small market shares can increase their market share many times over without adversely affecting the overall market share of a large market leader. A study by Philp Robert, Haynes Paula, Helms Marilyn (1992) stated that growth through a market penetration strategy, reaching and influencing customers already served, has proved to be a less profitable course of action than expected. This strategy failed to achieve the projected growth not because of the basic plan itself, but rather due to its improper implementation. Financial service providers have typically viewed their primary customer base as males between 30 and 50 years old (Bartos, 1982). These men are seen as the primary wage earners and decision makers for financial planning in their households. Hence, this segment has been considered golden geese of the financial market. While some growth was achieved through the introduction of new financial products and services, the financial services needs of women and of consumers over 50 years of age were blurred for the financial service providers (Javalgi et al., 1990). (Schiele, 1974) suggested that a â€Å"Net† approach should be used to catch the youth market as they drift downstream from adolescence to adulthood. The research findings indicated that this is a simplification of reality and that a number of interrelated streams exist before young people reach the pond of adulthood, at which they are likely to be locked into a financial service organisation. Hence, in the highly competitive retail financial marketplace, it is more critical than ever to narrowly define the markets financial service provider can serve. Differentiation through claims of excellent customer service fails to provide competitive distinctiveness, particularly to key segments of the existing customer base. Many banks, over the years, have relied on intermediaries like DSAs, DSTs to reach out to the customers. Jensen-Macklin (1976) or Diamond (1984) in their studies have tried to justify the existence and effects of intermediaries. For them agents exist to reduce moral hazard and asymmetric information. There are different means adopted by the organizations to increase the number of services availed by the customers. Cross-selling is the practice of promoting additional products and services to existing customers in addition to the ones a customer currently has (Butera, 2000). The interest in cross-selling is due to its advantages for firms. Specifically, the selling of additional services to existing customers could reduce the need to spend money on customer acquisition (e.g. advertising) and lead to a pricing advantage over competitors (Reichheld and Sasser, 1990). It is reasonable to expect that customers with strong repurchase intentions will also be likely to cross-buy from the same service provider. This is consistent with the view that it is easier to cross-sell new services to existing customers than to the new ones. Study conducted by (Day, 2000), suggested that although customers may want to engage in a relationship with a service provider, they may not want to have all th eir services provided by that single provider For some service categories, customers intrinsically develop a multi-brand loyalty (Jacoby and Chestnut, 1978). For example, in the banking industry most households use two or more financial providers. (Reichheld, 1996; Anderson and Mittal, 2000). Howley John, Savage Grahame (1980) in their paper titled, â€Å"Bank marketing in the Personal Sector† discuss about Cross-selling, whereby having opened a current account, customers are sold loans, travel facilities, insurance and other services for further banking penetration of each customer. At the same time, there is a word of caution as well saying that theres undoubtedly great potential here, but there are dangers of placing too much emphasis on peripheral activities to the overall corporate purpose of being a bank. Raj Arora (2008) focussed on yet another important strategy to increase sales to existing customers Price Bundling. The study points out that the intent of bundle pricing is to increase sales by offering a discount when a pre-specified bundle of items is purchased at the same time. Usually, the additional items in the bundle are those that are complementary to the main product. The assumption is that the bundle priced items offer more value and are therefore more attractive to the buyer. The seller makes the buyer aware that the buyer is getting a bargain in the bundle because if the items are purchased separately, the aggregate price far exceeds the bundle price (Yadav and Monroe, 2003). While price bundling is frequently used by marketers, its effectiveness needs more research especially when used with other marketing variables. Murphy Ruth, Bruce Margaret (2003) stated that internet can be used to sell more existing products into existing markets. This can be achieved by using internet for increasing awareness of the firm. Bloch et al. (1996) proposed that e-commerce offers cost advantages to firms via less expensive product promotions. They also advocate that e-commerce can enable a company to implement customer focus strategies through better customer relationships. If the internet segment continues to grow and the branch banking segment shrinks, more customers will be using Internet banks and fewer customers using Branch banks (Heffernan 1996). But evidence also suggests that many companies have engaged in e-commerce activity, whether it is on a business to business or business to consumer basis (B2C), without any consideration towards a return on investment (Damanpour and Madison, 2001). One of the reasons for this may be that many businesses fear that without an Internet presence, the firm will get lef t behind. Hence a number of companies have turned their focus towards e-commerce, often by emulating the business module of another firm, as â€Å"me too† entities. Stafford David, King Susan (1982) stated that Marketing strategies which have been important to recent bank development include branch rationalisation and refurbishment, and promotional activities, especially advertising. Price competition has not yet achieved major importance between the big four and so price structures do tend to be relatively stable and similar between banks. A similar view shared by Neven (1990) and Vives (1991) is that banks, especially retail banks, do not compete in price but in service quality. RESEARCH GAP GOOD WAY TO MAKE GAPS Thus, we observe a number of important gaps in the literature. First, our knowledge is deficient on which foreign market entry modes service firms apply, and similarly, on target market selection. Next, it is also important to investigate if there are systematic differences within service industries in foreign market entry mode selection. Finally, are the internationalization theories and models developed for manufacturing industries applicable to firms in service industries? Or, is the internationalization process of services so unique that there is a need to develop separate theory to explain the internationalization of service firms? OBJECTIVES 1. To measure the penetration of banking products in different demographic profiles. 2. To find the neglected niches in existing markets served by the banks. 3. To identify and compare the means that public private sector banks adopt to attract new customers in existing market. 4. To study the consumer preference regarding the means that banks adopt to attract new customers in existing market. 5. To investigate and compare the methods used by public private sector banks to increase number of services availed by the customers. 6. To study the consumer preference regarding the methods used by banks to increase number of services availed by the customers. 7. To determine ways to increase usage rate of services consumed by the customers. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY Tentative The study will be based on Primary as well as secondary data both with their well known limitations. For collection of data from customers, Stratified Random Sampling will be used. Convenience Sampling will be used for collection of data from the employees as the data will be collected as per availability and convenience. / Structured Interviews The secondary data has and will be collected from various sources such as International Journal of Bank Marketing, Indian Bankers Association Journal, magazines, research papers, books, internet websites etc. Scope of the study: Two Public Sector Banks – Punjab Sind Bank and State Bank of India have been selected for the study. ICICI Bank and HDFC Bank will form part of Private Sector Banks selected for study. Study will be carried out in different areas of Punjab. Universe of the study: Bank employees as well as the customers visiting the bank will be the universe of the study. Sample: Only the employees of the bank working at â€Å"Manager† designation and above will form the sample of the study. For purpose of collection of data from customers, every third customer walking into the bank will form part of the study. Sample size: The respondent data will be collected from 200 customers out of which hundred customers will be taken from public sector banks and rest from private sector banks. Number of employees of banks to be contacted for information will be 40. Out of this, twenty employees will be from Public Sector Banks and rest twenty would be private sector bank employees. Hence, the number of employees from each bank will be ten. Collection of Data: For the purpose of collection of data, two set of questionnaires will be prepared. First questionnaire will help in knowing the strategies being adopted by the banks to increase Market Penetration and would be filled by the bankers. Second questionnaire, to be filled by the customers will be used to collect preferences of customers related to various strategies being adopted by banks to increase Market Penetration. Analysis and Interpretation: The analysis will be done on the basis of review of existing literature and information collected through questionnaires filled by the employees and customers of the Public and Private sector banks. Microsoft Excel and other appropriate statistical tools will be used for Data Analysis. TENTATIVE CHAPTER SCHEME Chapter I Introduction Chapter II Review of literature Chapter III Need, Objectives, Research Methodology Chapter IV Overview of Indian Banking System * Public Sector Banks * Private Sector Banks Chapter V Growth Strategies * Market Penetration * Product Development * Market Development * Diversification Chapter VI Market Penetration in Public Private Sector Banks Chapter VII Data Presentation Analysis Chapter VIII Findings Conclusion Recommendations Appendix Questionnaire Bibliography REFERENCES http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/market-penetration.html as on Jan 28, 2010. http://knowledge.wharton.upenn.edu/india/article.cfm?articleid=4145, Jan11, 2007 as on Jan 31, 2010 Ansoff, I. (1965), Corporate Strategy, McGraw-Hill, New York, NY Title: Bank Marketing Strategies Author(s): Arthur Meidan Journal: International Journal of Bank Marketing Year: 1983 Volume: 1 Issue: 2 Page: 3 17 Banks to get sops for rural reach 3 Oct 2009, 0307 hrs IST, Anto Antony, ET Bureau http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/public-sector-banks-gain-market-share/383014/ David Stafford and Susan King, Bank Competition and Advertising by David C. Stafford, The Advertising Association, 1982 write references of foll. Articles in Emerald – A survey of critical factors in e-Banking Bank marketing Strategies P. Robert Philp, Paula J. Haynes and Marilyn M. Helms FINANCIAL SERVICE STRATEGIES: NEGLECTED NICHES International Journal of Bank Marketing, Vol. 10 No. 2, 1992, pp. 25-28 Title: Bank Marketing in the Personal Sector Author(s): John C. Howley, Grahame P. Savage Journal: Managerial Finance Year: 1980 Volume: 5 Issue: 3 Page: 271 276 Ruth Murphy and Margaret Bruce, Strategy, accountability, e-commerce and the consumer, Managerial Auditing Journal, 18/3 (2003) pg 193-201 www.emeraldinsight.com/1061-0421.htm Price bundling and framing strategies for complementary products Raj Arora University of Missouri – Kansas City, Kansas City, Kansas, USA Journal of Product Brand Management 17/7 (2008) 475–484 Yadav, M.S. and Monroe, K.B. (2003), â€Å"How buyers perceive savings in a bundle price: an examination of a bundles transaction value†, Journal of Marketing Research, Vol. 30 No. 3, pp. 350-8 Butera, A. (2000), â€Å"Cross-selling: capitalizing on the opportunities†, Hoosier Bank, Vol. 87 No. 7, pp. 14-16. Reichheld, F.F. (1996), The Loyalty Effect: The Hidden Force behind Growth, Profits and Lasting Value, Harvard Business School Press, Boston, MA. Reichheld, F.F. and Sasser, W.E. (1990), â€Å"Zero defections: quality comes to services†, Harvard Business Review, Vol. 68 No. 5, pp. 105-11. Anderson, E.W. and Mittal, V. (2000), â€Å"Strengthening the satisfaction-profit chain†, Journal of Service Research, Vol. 3 No. 2, pp. 107-20. Day, G.S. (2000), â€Å"Managing market relationships†, Journal of Academy of Marketing Science, Vol. 28 No. 1, pp. 24-30. Jacoby, J. and Chestnut, R.W. (1978), Brand Loyalty, John Wiley Sons, New York, NY. Schiele, G.W. (1974), How to Reach the Young Customer, Harvard Business Review, Vol. 52, March-April, pp. 77-86. http://www.answers.com/topic/market-penetration-2 as on Feb 28, 2010

Willy Russells Our Day Out Essay -- Willy Russell Our Day Out Essays

Willy Russell's "Our Day Out" Willy Russell has written many plays over the last thirty years, but there is one feature that is common to all of them: the issue of social and cultural background. This is the situation of the characters; their surroundings; their class; the society in which they are brought up, and the culture of that society. It is this that can lead to the behaviour, feelings, opinions and general outlook of the characters. Russell explores the effects that society and culture can have on people in all his plays, but in none is it so poignant as in 'Our Day Out', the story of what happens when Mrs Kay takes her Progress class out of inner-city Liverpool on a school trip to Conwy Castle, Wales. Throughout 'Our Day Out' the issue of social and cultural background is ever-present, but it is discussed and conveyed in many different forms; the colloquial dialect Russell uses; the symbolism that is featured; the behaviour and attitudes of the children; the way that people react to these children, and the insights we get into their family lives. Willy Russell himself said that he writes for the theatre because 'it's concerned with the spoken rather than the written word'. In 'Our Day Out' we see the importance of the spoken word through the language that the children use. Having grown up and taught at a Comprehensive school in Liverpool, Russell knows the Liverpudlian dialect perfectly, and he uses his knowledge to give a truly representative feel to the play. The children use words such as 'agh'ey', 'ooer', and 'nott'n', and the authentic language that the children use help to make the play feel more real. Because Russell writes the words as they would be spoken in a Liverpudlian acce... ...ry isn't. The poignancy and intensity of the play is somewhat masked in places by the comedy, but we do catch glimpses of the hopeless, desperate situation these children are facing. As Mrs Kay says, 'Ten years ago you could teach them to stand in a line, you could teach them to obey, to expect little more than a lousy factory job. But now they haven't even got that to aim for. There's nothing for them to do, any of them; most of them were born for factory fodder, but the factories have closed down.' Throughout the play this is the underlying tone, and the subtle way that Russell conveys this message heightens the effect when it comes. This day out is simply an oasis; one day of fun out of their whole lives, and at the end of it we see how the glimmer of something bright and beautiful makes it all the harder to turn your eyes back to the grey and mundane.

George Orwell and Winston Smith in Nineteen Eighty-Four Essay -- Ninet

George Orwell and Winston Smith in Nineteen Eighty-Four    "On each landing, opposite the lift shaft, the poster with the enormous face gazed from the wall. It was one of those pictures which are so contrived that the eyes follow you about when you move. BIG BROTHER IS WATCHING YOU, the caption beneath it ran." (Orwell 4 "Nineteen"). George Orwell's Nineteen Eighty-Four presents a negative utopian picture, a society ruled by rigid totalitarianism. The government which Orwell creates in his novel is ruled by an entity known as Big Brother and consists of three branches. The Ministry of Truth, overseeing the distribution of propaganda and other printed materials, the Ministry of War, the millitary unit, and the Ministry of Love, the law enforcement division, make up the government. The main character, Winston Smith, does not completely accept the ideology that is fed to him by the government, through the concept of Big Brother. When one examines George Orwell's life, it can be clearly seen that he personifies his political perceptions, social and aesthetic characteristics, and self-examination of his own writing, through Winston Smith, in Nineteen Eighty-Four. Orwell's political perceptions, especially his skepticism of mass media, are given life through Winston Smith. Spending time working for the British Broadcasting Company (BBC), Orwell experienced many distorted truths and propaganda (Woodcock 9). This led to an intense distrust of those in power and their influence on the information distributed to and recieved by the general public. Orwell explains how history is altered by whomever is in power. In Orwell's essay "Revising History" he examines the credibility of history and finds that it is... ...cyclopedia of Modern World Literature. New York: Hawthorn Books Inc. 1963: 343. Kollar, Maros. "George Orwell Biography." 4 pgs. Online. America Online. 18 Jan. 1999. Available: www.suldal.vgs.no/engelsk/orwell/bioorw.htm. Magill, Frank N. ed. Survey of Science Fiction Literature. Vol. 3. Englewood Cliffs: Salem Press, 1979: 1532-1533. Orwell, George."Revising History." As I Please 4 Feb. 1944. Online. America Online. 2 Jan. 1999: 1-2. ---.Nineteen Eighty-Four. Ontario: Penguin Books, 1949: 10, 61. ---."Why I Write." 1947: 5pgs. Online. America Online. 2 Jan. 1999. Available: www.resort.com/~prime8/orwell/whywrite.html. Reilly, Patrick. Nineteen Eighty-Four: Past, Present and Future. Boston, MA: Twayne Publishers. 1989: xv, xvi. Woodcock, George. The Crystal Spirit. Boston: Little, Brown and Company. 1966: 9, 57, 219, 258.

The Persistance of Immigrants in Charles Bowdens Blue :: essays research papers

For many, our goal is to reach the American Dream: a good job, a home we can call our own, and wealth. However, there are others who only dream of it because they are stuck in a hole that restricts them from reaching it. Charles Bowden, author of â€Å"Blue†, takes readers on a journal across the desert to get a better understanding on why people from Mexico risk their lives to cross to the United States. He provides detailed images and descriptions of Mexicans that have lost their lives trying to cross the desert. Along with his friend Bill, they travel across the desert and encounter danger with snakes, the effects of extreme weather conditions, and experiences thirst, hunger, and fatigue. In the beginning, Bowden â€Å"was sitting at [his] desk in September when a news story caught his eye: seven Mexicans had died of thirst east of Yuma and several more had been snake bitten† (Bowden). To his dismay, the incidents were not treated as important matters because they were from Mexico. What captives the author is that Mexicans are willing to risk their own lives to cross over to the United States. In trying to understand this notion, he begins an expedition through the desert and follows the paths Mexicans traveled and the situations they encountered. As their journey begins, they come in contact with a snake but manage to escape death. Soon after, they begin to experience the effects of harsh weather conditions. With heat â€Å"the body temperature soars and the brain seems to cook. The flesh feels electric with pain as each cell screams out its complaint† (Bowden). They finally reach the Republic of Mexico illegally where they meet up with an offic er. Unlike American officers, Mexican officers have a reputation of bending laws and instead of ticketing people, they often ask for money. Ending their journey, they have learned more of what it feels to be a Mexican traveling the desert. Bowden has also decided to write this story about his experiences to give readers an insight on what happens to people who are willing to risk their lives to live the American Dream.

Comparison of Moses and Odysseus Essay

The stories of heroes have been at the axis of nearly all cultures throughout history. Each different type of religion or culture has their own heroes or legends, each one of them having their differences to go along with the beliefs at hand. On the other hand, each and every hero also has their similarities, which therefore makes them the hero. The setting, events, and characters in each and every story may change, but the characteristics of the hero remain basically the same. Each person is usually made into a hero in a somewhat similar fashion. For example, many heroes begin as imperfect characters, and then begin some sort of quest which leads to them becoming a leader of what they are doing, and then the character goes through a personal transformation into a legendary hero of their people. Therefore, both Odysseus of the Greeks and Moses of the Jewish can both be considered as heroes to their people. In both cases, the person does not decide to be a hero, but they are instead chosen by a greater force, such as a god, to become the one. Both Moses and Odysseus perform three similar tasks. These are for the person to fulfill a destiny handed down to them by a greater power, undertake a journey where great sacrifices are made on his part to overcome difficult obstacles, and finally complete their legacy through the sharing of their stories for the greater good of the people that believe in the hero. Both Moses and Odysseus can be compared in that neither were perfect heroes, they both experienced some sort of quest, and they both experienced personal limitations along with a transformation. The major differences between Odysseus and Moses are mostly relative. They both share practically the same qualities. They are universal heroes who could exist in any culture, context or time. Just like Odysseus and Moses, many heroes are made from the same qualities and have similar stories about how they came to be heroes. As a young man, Moses murdered an Egyptian who was harassing a Jew. A savior who kills someone seems contradictory, but the action served as a metaphor for Moses’ freeing of the Jews from Egypt. Odysseus had a habit of raping, burning and looting villages, which is hardly appropriate conduct for someone who is supposed to bring peace to a civilization. However, his cunning proved useful in both defeating monsters and killing the suitors that had taken over his palace. The reality that each hero was and device of God or the Greek gods was important in both  cultures. Moses was picked by God to be the one who would free the Jews and take them across the desert and into the Promised Land. He spoke directly with God in the burning bush and through various angels. Information was given to Moses from God when instruction was needed. Similarly, Athena visited Odysseus frequently with Zeus’ consent through different disguises to help him along his journey. Though Greek and Hebrew culture varies, their heroes are considerably similar. Both Odysseus and Moses could represent model heroes in any culture at any time. But these universal heroes are not perfect as nobody on Earth is. Many heroes do something of questionable moral action at some point in their early life. As mentioned earlier, Odysseus was constant to raping, burning and pillaging villages, and continually had affairs though his wife Penelope always remained faithful. As also stated earlier, when Moses was young, he killed an Egyptian who was harassing a Jew. But these actions do not abolish they hero, they are instead necessary for the development of his character. Moses spoke directly with the Lord and was given specific instructions to embrace his destiny. He did not choose to lead the Hebrews out of Egypt, but God chose that destiny for him. Faced with many different challenges of his own, Odysseus also received a divine message, but it was from the goddess, Athena. The theme of being chosen by a higher power is a recurring theme that is seen in most hero stories of every culture. No matter when or where these heroes were destined for greatness, they each were a part of a quest or journey where they had to overcome many obstacles, trials, and tribulations. Odysseus’s voyage had to be completed before saving his people, while Moses’ exodus and his people’s salvation were simultaneous. In either case, the journey is vital to the hero in order for him to undergo a personal transformation into the legendary hero they became. Moses fought a Pharaoh, the desert, his own people, and himself during his long journey to the Promised Land. Odysseus also had a long journey home and while on that journey battled Poseidon, the sea, his men, and himself. Not only are the stories of The Odyssey and Exodus the similar, but the heroes, Odysseus and Moses, share many of the same attributes and behaviors. Both,  despite having murderous pasts, were chosen by their God or gods to be the savior of their people. Each had a specific limitation that directly interfered with the completion of their mission. And since they were helped by God or the Greek gods along the way, Moses and Odysseus ultimately had faith that they would be successful, regardless of the obstacles ahead. Their similarities exist on a personal level as well. Both heroes had to make great sacrifices for the good of the whole. They each underwent a personal transformation as a result of the trials they faced. And each learned a lesson that they passed on as a message for their people. The hero’s journey is also determined by how each story originated. The Hebrews passed down Moses and the Exodus orally, in the form of a linear story with a beginning, middle and end. Moses’ linear journey took the Jews out of Egypt, through the desert and to the Promised Land. In contrast, Homer’s poetic writing of the Odyssey is circular in that the ending is a new beginning. It begins and ends in Odysseus’ palace in Ithaca. Like the story, his journey back home is a circular one. In spite of all the divine intervention, Moses and Odysseus both had to overcome a personal limitation in order to become successful in their endeavors. The limitation itself was directly in contrast with their main task at hand. Moses was given the job of spokesman for all Jews, yet had poor public speaking skills. â€Å"O Lord, I have never been eloquent, neither in the past nor since you have spoken to your servant. I am slow of speech and tongue (Exodus 4:10).† Odysseus was sent home to save his people from a civil war, but his lust for conquest and adventure took him on many detours and prolonged his eminent return. Both were able to rise above these limitations. Perhaps the most shared attribute these heroes had been their faith that they would make it through the journey and complete their mission. Moses struggled with the Egyptians, the desert, God, his people and himself yet still believed that he would accomplish his goals set for him. Odysseus lost all his men, more than one ship, and continually battled monsters, weather, and captors but still succeeded due to his faith in Athena’s word that he would persevere. The way the hero acts towards outside events only tells half the story but the thoughts in his mind and soul makes up the rest. Odysseus and Moses both had to make sacrifices for the good of their people and both experienced a personal transformation during their quest for significance. The transformation of Moses was found in his lack of public speaking, which held him back from fully becoming a leader of the people. As he confronted the Pharaoh and commanded the Hebrew people, he eventually gained confidence in himself and his ability. Moses went from being a timid servant to an authoritative leader of a nation of God. He was responsible for constructing the ways of their new civilization. Likewise, Odysseus transformed from a restless adventurer to dependable husband and king. Both experienced an epic journey that altered them from within. In conclusion, both Odysseus of the Greeks and Moses of the Hebrews can be compared because they perform three similar tasks: to fulfill a destiny handed down by divine inspiration, undertake a journey where great sacrifices are made on his part to overcome difficult obstacles; like Odysseus traveling home after the Trojan War or Moses Leading his people out of Egypt, and finally, the mission is not complete until the message learned throughout is shared for the greater good of the people whom the hero represents. Neither Odysseus nor Moses was perfect, but they both experienced some sort of quest and overcame personal limitations, which led to their personal transformation into heroes. Because of all the parallels between Odysseus and Moses, there is not much surprise that they both exemplified the same message. Even though the messengers were different, whether it was Athena, a burning bush, or angels sent by God, the message is still the same: listen to and obey the words of one’s God/gods. This is the message they both brought back for their people to live by and led to their legacy as heroes of their culture.

Counter-terrorism

What is counter sham of terrorist act? Why is it important to represent the pauperisms dirty dog terrorism efforts? What kind of general motives readiness you find among terrorists in this country and afield? return key-terrorism is a combination of pr bearices, strategies, techniques and pr sufficeices that the various establishments, jurisprudence departments and the array service units practise to return terrorism acts with several(prenominal)(prenominal) the response to faultless acts and the detection of potential terror acts include in counter-terrorism.The techniques and practices utilise in counter-terrorism necessitate at preventing or stopping original terrorism acts, with the strategies commonly offensive in achievement. atomic number 53 major reason wherefore the motivations behind terrorism efforts need to be understood is its abundant role in the suppuration and implementation of effective counter-terrorism strategies. Since counter-terrorism measures estimate on the constitution of the terrorism act be mitigated, it is resilient to identify how and why verit up to(p) terrorism act is under taken in order to in any case combat it successfully.Understanding the motivation behind terrorism efforts forms the base for the growth of an effective countering proceeding where lack of a clear taste of all the publishs meet a terror act, rushs the conjecture of hold back the act straight-lacedly and effectively or so im realizable (Bolz. F et al. 2001). In addition, mind the motive behind terrorism efforts allows the enamour government giving medications to select amongst the m all, an effective action to counter a terrorism act that seems like an isolated event.This kind of regarding erects good intelligence which forms a rattling(prenominal) vital component of preparing an effective counter-terrorism strategy. more or less radical(prenominal) reason why identification of terrorist motives is vital is the huge role it plays in hunt club consume hardcore terrorist. It is by means of proper know guidege of a terrorists motives, that a government goat isolate the hard-core terrorists and cut them off from external supplies. This makes it attainable for the terrorists to be referred to as criminals, making it belatedly to hunt terrorists according to the police and with touristy upkeep.When a government or an cheek plans and implements a counter-terrorism strategy, in that respect is need to understand how terrorism efforts fuck up the human rights. This in turn enables the governments to develop effective measures that promise that dangerous and appropriate actions atomic number 18 taken against the terrorists who ar viewed as human rights violators, a situation that may repel others from active in terrorists activities.Counter-terrorism experts are able to pull off any terrorist organization if they correctly and accurately understand the terrorists motives, where one is able to understand the terrorists thoughts so that one bum seek their next move correctly to stop it on time. In the USA and other countries, terrorists motives are many and they veer (Crank, J. et al.. 2005). In the USA, Some of the general motives that cleverness be found in terrorists include, semipolitical motives, fight for the injustice of a deliberaten base of tribe, economic superiority as well as the creation of forethought and a sense of in earnest in the American citizens.When they view themselves as the underserved underdogs on a mission, the terrorists practice the strategy of victimization the weak to weaken the strong and to fortify the weak. head 2 Is counterterrorism a manoeuvre of war or criminal offence- combat? What role does ascribable parade play in both(prenominal) context? What are the implications when terrorists can be characterized as the rival rather than clear criminals? Counterterrorism can be utilise as both a warfa re simulated military operation or as a crime fighting tactic. However, in the join States counterterrorism is usually dropd as a crime- fighting tactic.For instance, the computer and the Internet are phthisisd to undertake warfare actions with the cyber space. Counter terrorism as a warfare tactic is then physical exertiond and can be apply to stop quite a little from using terrorism tactics against a given nation or organization. In such a case, comprehensive tools can be apply to deal with possible terrorist incidents and can further be used to repulse attacks that sop up been directed against a nation. As a crime fighting tactic, counter terrorism is used by the rectitude enforcement politics to hunt pop up terrorists who pay been labeled as criminals.The regime normally cut off hard-core terrorists from external sources of supply so as to label terrorists as criminals, and then use the law to easily hunt the terrorists ware (Combs. 2005). When terrorists are ref erred to as rival kinda of criminal, it encourages more terrorists attacks or strengthen of terrorist organizations. For example, it leads to the recruitment of more followers in the terrorist organizations because those who are recruited turn out developed prominent desire to become fighters against their enemy.The labeling of terrorists as an enemy serves as a motivation for every(prenominal) group to strengthen itself to attack a nonher(prenominal) group they view as enemy. It further encourages terrorism behavior of solidarity, subjection and self protection even when the group faces strong times. The members get convinced that they need to protect themselves from a group that views them as an enemy. Finally, referring to terrorists as enemy sooner of criminals makes it very hard for the relate organization or government to hunt knock off the terrorist according to the law.In addition, the organization lacks the popular support to hunt down the terrorists (Crank. J et al.. 2005) because they are seen as just revenging against other heap with an unjustified reason. The terrorists cannot be tracked down in pursuit of justice which makes it difficult to use force against hard-core terrorists with the use of brutal force generating more terrorism and terrorists. Question 3 How has direction qualifyingd from the conventional to youthful direction? Are these changes potentially problematic for civil liberties in any way in the joined States?Should law enforcement be countenanceted to use all technical resources available to accomplish its mission including in the fight against terror? Are there limits? Traditionally, counterterrorism strategies and techniques against terror acts were hugely the business of the military force, and the level of supervision not as intensive as it is in the advanced strategies of surveillance. The major reason for this is that in the past, terrorism acts were not as many as they are in the modern world.Traditiona l institutions O.K. surveillance only when it was seriously necessity to do so, as compared to bare-ass surveillance which has been blamed for overstepping the bounders. The ever increasing terrorist attacks against original states in the world have takeed the development of many and effect counter terrorism measures through and through surveillance, in comparison to the tralatitious surveillance. In new surveillance, building of the counterterrorism plans has corporate all the segments of the society or government agencies (Mahan, S and Griset, P. 2007).New surveillance has seen the development of counterterrorism strategies that have growthd both the standard of the patrol as well as house servantated intelligence. While traditional surveillance twisting the interception of chat and tracing of the fly-by-night terrorists, new surveillance has spread out its ways of operation due to the advancement in technology. For instance, new surveillance has managed to expand th e range of both the law and the military enforcement operations. The direction of domestic intelligence at specific groups that is ground on origin and religion is a feature of the new surveillance.Mass surveillance is excessively done in new surveillance where an entire population is investigated. In the United States, changes in the surveillance have raise concerns based on the civil liberties. sensation good example is the mass surveillance which involves the surveillance of an entire population, an issue that has been objected since it is considered to harbor civil freedom of the citizens (http//www. usatoday. com/news/ majuscule/2006-05-10-nsa-x. htm). The surveillance defies the citizens liberty in that mass surveillance is done whether or not there is the consent of those being surveyed.Furthermore, surveillance is done whether it serves or it does not serve the citizens interest. For instance, use of a network of mystery police informers is considered a new surveillan ce misuse. In the United States, the government has been accused of iniquitously cooperating with the matter security department Agency to monitor the US citizens phone records. Further allegations that the government has go oned electronic surveillances of domestic phone calls without warrants are an issue that has been said to go against the civil liberty.However, the law enforcement organizations should not be fully allowed to use technological resources to fight terror. This is because uncontrolled use consequently may result to severe negative effects. For instance, there have been some instances where technological measures against terror have resulted to the ill-use and violation of the human rights. The return and extradition of heap within countries and restriction of freedom of citizens are some of the examples that violate human rights during the process of counterterrorism.Invasion of masss snobbish lives through technology-advanced tools need to be stopped by l imiting how far the law enforcement bodies should go to fight terror. Lack of a limit within which technology can be used poses a great risk, where the governance may undertake counterterrorism practices while they violate the human rights at the same time. Question 4 What is the FISA administration of justice? Explain how it works. What authorities can it grant law enforcement? How is it antithetic from traditional judicial systemrooms? What concerns exist near expanding the use of FISA?A FISA coquette refers to a secret act in the USA that has the responsibility of approving the wiretaps that target the terrorists. It was established and has been functional since 1979 to ensure that terrorists and foreign agents are monitored. The FISA coquet was established under the 1978 US inter discipline discussion Surveillance proceed. The judicatory has canonic domestic wiretaps and has continued to handle very sensitive domestic wiretaps in the US national pledge investiga tions (media filter. org/CAQ/cqq53. court. html). The FISA court operates through a process that is based on presumable cause.An application to a FISA court judge is normally do by the FBI ( national official Bureau of Investigation) if it believes that it can show presumable cause that the target of the surveillance is all a suspected terrorist or a foreign agent. The application should contain 4 documents a request for a wiretap, FBI directors or executive branch officials certification that information cannot be acquired through the normal investigative tactics, and an FBI supervisory ban with a statement of fact about the target of surveillance.This is then followed by the ingress of the documents to the Justice incision for the Justice department attorneys review. The application is then forwarded to the FISA court and presented to a national judge. There are 10 federal judges in the FISA court who sit on the court on a rotating basis. The FISA court grants sanction to the law enforcement authorities based on the probable cause presented to them. It gives warrant to the authorities to cope surveillance on a suspected target, if enough induction is provided in the court to justify why a suspect should be surveyed.It receives an application if the FBI director certifies that there is need to obtain information in a higher place the normal investigative tactics. Clear meter reading of facts about the target of surveillance is also demanded by the FISA court before they give the authority and the judges often demand for more details about the targeted communication to authorize or delight in a wiretap. It maintains a high rate of screen where a judge can make an ultimate decision to approve a wiretap (FISA orders 1979-2004)The FISA court is different from the traditional court in its secret nature of operation where the court makes approval of the applications in secret. Furthermore, the FISA court is considered to have acquired expanded aut hority than a traditional court to approve surveillance applications make, after Presidents Clinton signing of the Executive Order 12949. contradictory in the traditional courts, the FISA court evidence can be used in criminal trials after the 1995 magnification as compared to the traditional courts where the evidence could only be collected and stockpiled only for intelligence purposes.The FISA court has expanded powers and it has the authority to allow both the electronic and physical seees due to its expanded powers. The expansion of using the FISA court in the USA has raised great concern. One concern of the FISA court expansion is the possibility of governments extreme attack into peoples private lives. Because the court operates secretly, government measures that may intrude into people lives unnecessarily may result. Another great concern is the fact that, it promotes surveillance that defies people of their liberty.For instance, the expansion of the FISA court has made i t able to give legal authority to approve black-bag operations, that authorize the Department of Justice to conduct both electronic and physical searches without an establish court warrant. Furthermore, the subjects are not notified and an stemma of seized items not provided. Sometimes the surveillance allowed by the FISA court is considered to be unconstitutional. The Civil liberty lawyers in the United States have verbalise that some searches that have been conducted are unconstitutional.It is a great worry that under the FISA court cover of secrecy, the court is likely to extend its own broad legal mandate. The expansion of the court has been argued to have been motivated by the governments need to conduct searches they would not have been allowed to undertake under the nations national preparednesss. For instance, the US government may attempt and fail under the traditional constitutional argument to secure a search warrant, but it would go to FISA court and secure approval for a search by converting the case into a national trade protection investigation. Question 5 How has zephyr protective cover changed since 9111?What were the provision of the line and theodolite Act? Did this Act change aura security in a melodramatic way? What role does racial and apparitional compose play in securing the breeze industry and its consumers? What role should it play? in advance the 9/11 terrorist attack, the air power security in the USA was the responsibility of the Federal strain nerve within the Department of transportation. However after the 9/11 attack there was great extremity in securing the US nations entire transportation systems. The federal agencies concerned with transport security were transferred to the Department of fatherland security (www.encyclopedia. com/doc/iG2-34033000149. html). The need to increase melodic line security after the 9/11 led to the enactment of the Aviation and theodolite Act on Nov 19, 2001. This cut the cre ation of the TSA (Transportation Security Administration) within the acid (Department of Transportation). The Act permits the existing authorities to permit the TSA to flexibly manage and deploy the custody to carry out important security work where the national security is concerned. The act mandates the increase in the number of federal air marshals and has placed the US airport security screeners under federal control.All the screeners were involve to be US citizens, though the provision was later changed by American Civil Liberties Union. It was the Acts provision that all the bags in the airports to be get-go screened and then matched to the passengers. Another provision of the Act was the $1. 5 billion award to the airports and private contractors so that the direct costs of confluence new security requirements were met. Checks for baggage in the airports was made obligatory with coating recommended by use of explosive detection machinery or manual methods.The Act allowe d the Transportation escritoire to authorize airports to use all the necessary equipment for the chemical and biological weapons detection. The Act did change the aviation security dramatically. For instance, before the 9/11 attack, the civil aviation security was handled by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA). later on the creation of the Act, the civil aviation security was put under the Transportation Security Administration (TSA). There were also changes in the federal statutes that covered aviation security (contained in title 49 of the Code of Federal Regulations Chapter XII).The provisions that were made by the Act changed security practices in the airports with the airports implementing changes in the checking and screening procedures, where tight security procedures were and are still being developed. The musical arrangement of the airport security screeners under federal control made changes when all screeners were required to be US citizens and the matching of ba gs to passengers was made necessary with new security requirements select in airports. Racial and religious compose in the US Aviation Security practices has been seen by some as illegal and inconsistent with American values (travelsecurity.blogspot. com/2007/09lantos-warns-tsa-against-religious. html). Furthermore, this profiling is detrimental to the national security. Civil liberties of some religious groups have claimed that TSA employees conduct substitute(prenominal) screening for passengers wearing religious clothing. For instance, TSA employees have discriminated the Sikh by ordering Sikh Americans to remove their turbans, which defies their faith. There have been an estimated 50 incidents of religious discrimination since the institution of the new policy. Racial and religious profiling has led to discrimination and necrosis of people including the indifferent Americans.The practice leads to stereotyping of some citizens as terrorists and provokes a sense of fear again st innocent citizens. The racial and religious profiling should kinda promote changes that will prevent discrimination and humiliation of travelers. The profiling should not be used as a means of abuse but instead should be used with respect for the civilians. Exposing people to extra screening procedures simply because they belong to a certain race or religion should be done away with, but instead everyone subjected to the procedures to promote equality. References Bolz, F. , Dudonis, K. and Schulz, D.(2001). The Counterterrorism Handbook Tactics, Procedures and Techniques. Second Edition. CRC Publishers Crank, J. P. , & Gregor, P. E. 2005. Counter-Terrorism After 9/11 Justice, Security and morals Reconsidered. Cincinatti Anderson Publishing Colangelo, P. The secret FISA court preventive Stamping on Rights. Covert Action Quarterly. Online at media filter. org/CAQ/cqq53. court. html. Retrieved on June 26, 2008 Combs, (2005). Terrorism in the twenty-first Century, 4th Edition. Pre ntice Hall. FISA orders 1979-2004 Judson, K. Civil Aviation Security United States. Encyclopedia of Espionage, Intelligence andSecurity. 2004. Available at www. encyclopedia. com/doc/iG2-34033000149. html. Retrieved on June 26, 2008 Lantos, T. US representative from California. Lantons Warns TSA Against Religious compose Insensitivity Sept 7, 2007. Online at travelsecurity. blogspot. com/2007/09lantos-warns-tsa-against-religious. html. Retrieved on June 26, 2008 Mahan, S and Griset, P. 2007. Terrorism in Perspective. discerning Publications, Inc USA TODAY Com NSA has Massive database of Americans phone calls http//www. usatoday. com/news/ uppercase/2006-05-10-nsa-x. htm. Retrieved on June 26, 2008