Dis 8 - 527 - two paragraph same idea with different words Assignment

Dis 8 - 527 - two paragraph same idea with different words - Assignment Example Each country has its own interests and tries to attain its own goals. But as at present all countries are interdependent, any changes in one or several of them, which are not done for the sake of the whole world, but for personal interests and advantages, may bring to the changes in other countries and to disorder in the global system functioning. The examples of such changes and interdependence are the global financial crisis, which took place a few years ago, the cut of interest rates in the USA due to changes in global money flows, the present political and economic sanctions, imposed on Russia because of events in Ukraine, and many other. The combination and controversy of personal countries interests and the necessity to make the global system work can lead to instability of the global economy functioning. The complexity, high frequency and speed of changes make the world more unstable and fragile. The misunderstanding of the events and their reasons, lack of guarantees and the difficulty to predict future make people fear and panic, even though the overall indicators of peoples welfare increased in the whole world. So as globalization becomes more and more complex, and it cannot be stopped, it is better to consider it as a condition of future development of the world, rather than one of the possible

Pakistan Energy Outlook Essay Example for Free

Pakistan Energy Outlook Essay Primary energy consumption in Pakistan has grown by almost 80% over the past 15 years, from 34 million tons oil equivalent (TOEs) in 1994/95 to 61 million TOEs in 2009/10 and has supported an average GDP growth rate in the country of about 4.5% per annum. However since 2006/07 energy supply has been unable to meet the country’s demand leading to shortages. Meanwhile per capita energy consumption in Pakistan at under 0.5 TOEs/capita remains only one-third of world average. Indigenous natural gas is the largest source of energy supply in Pakistan contributing 27. 7 million TOEs (45.4%) in 2009/10, followed by oil products, mainly imports, at 21.3 million TOEs (34.9%), hydel power at 7.5 million TOEs (12.3%), coal, mainly imports, at 3.7 million TOEs (6.1%) and nuclear power at 0.8 million TOEs (1.3%). Consumption of indigenous natural gas has grown rapidly in all sectors of the economy (residential, commercial, industrial, transport and power) over the past 15 years, driven by growing availability of gas and a low, government-controlled gas price as compared with alternate fuel prices. As a result, Pakistan has developed a vast natural gas transmission and distribution network across the country. However Pakistan’s indigenous natural gas reserves are declining and a low gas price has become a significant disincentive in attracting new gas supplies, either through increased domestic exploration activities or via imports of liquefied natural gas (LNG) or regional gas pipeline imports. If current gas policies persist, Pakistan’s natural gas supply is expected to decline from 4 billion cubic feet per day (bcfd) in 2010/11 to less than 1 bcfd by 2025/26. This will lead to a growing gas/energy shortfall reaching 8 bcfd (over 50 million TOEs) by 2025/26 and will depress Pakistan’s average GDP growth rate over the next 15 years. It is also unlikely that Pakistan will be able to substantially develop its other indigenous energy sources of hydel power and coal by 2025/26 under current policies, and the energy import requirements of the country may grow from the present 30% to over 75% of the energy mix by 2025/26 costing over $ 50 billion per annum in foreign exchange. The government-controlled power sector in Pakistan, one of the largest consumers of primary energy, is facing growing problems due to an unrealistic power tariff, high inefficiencies, low payment recovery and the inability of the government to manage its subsidies mechanism. This has led to a serious â€Å"circular debt† issue which is becoming a barrier for future energy sector investments. This Pakistan Energy Outlook document identifies a set of energy â€Å"Blueprints† which, if implemented, could allow the energy sector in Pakistan to thrive and grow and become the engine for the social and economic development of the country, allowing accelerated GDP growth rates. As with all reform processes, the â€Å"Blueprints† will require significant political will to execute and it is hoped that the present and succeeding governments in Pakistan will rise to the occasion.

The success of ALDI

The success of ALDI ABSTRACT In the new era of information technology, we have seen the large migration of interrelated software and from research; I found that the grouping of software called the Enterprise systems. On this hypothesis, I worked on ALDI one of the biggest super market in Europe and profitable as well compared with other giant super market. The reason, why I am choosing ALDI is because it is near to where I am living and also this will help me to find and gather more information to work on in the thesis. I am also curious why they are selling cheaper products with good quality than other super market and also the reason behind their success? I did research on it and please see detail below for more instructive information. This case study introduces what Enterprise System and the important role in ALDI or other organizations. Therefore, I would like to introduce how this structure is intended to be legalizes with experiential substantiation and the expected contributions of the research to academ ia and business. What is ALDI? ALDI is an excellent in global retailing industry and it is citied by Europe as largest retailer, the network proved of success by going against virtually every standard of super marketing. Mr. Brandes said: The Aldi system is not exclusively a retail discount system, but the management and organisation system that can be applied in any business. ALDI is secretly held by brothers Theo and Karl Albrecht established in 1993, Aldi Group is Germanys leading grocery store network. Early of 1990s the company established and operated 3,000 stores under the Aldi, Hofer, and Combi names in Germany, the Netherlands, Belgium, Denmark, Austria, the United States, France, and the United Kingdom. Unlike the vast majority of supermarket chains, which are continuously increasing their product offerings and selling space, Aldi holds selection at its stores to about 700 items. (Dieter Brandes 2000)C:UserskbalaDesktopEShead_logo_blue.gif In 1993 examination of the limited-assortment function noted that flourishing discounters (like Aldi) work strongly with manufacturers to design products that are cheaper to convey, stock, and sell than branded goods. National brands are occasionally offered, but many business observers hypothesize that Aldi only stocks them to emphasize its own discounts. While Aldi has experienced huge success in its will do attitude to develop its power globally, its performances have had a prominent effect. Nevertheless, from the research I found Aldis pioneering in Internationalisation and spurred to the changed of the global retail food organisation. In 1993 the Economist confirmed that cross-border mergers, acquisitions and alliances in European Community food-retailing, almost unknown a few years ago, are already growing. (Economist 1998) Former ALDI manager Dieter Brandes reveals the objectives that strengthen ALDI do, starting with simplicity. The system is not only a retail discount system but the management and organisation can be applied any to business. From the research, I found companies such as Wal-Mart and General Motor getting more complex in management but ALDI empowered of simplicity, so I identified the simplicity of the system and management, the retailer can offer discount rate of goods. An Enterprise System (ES), what does it mean? Around the world, organizations are expanding and are connecting one business function with another business to another business unit (integrated business). ESThe diagram below is summarise of the fundamentals of an ES, as from here we can see the benefits of implementing an ES in ALDI The Components of Enterprise System Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) ERP is an integrated computer-based system that handles internal and external resources, including financial resources, materials, stocks and human resources in ALDI. Activities undertaken internally from system development to implementation and maintenance, and the management of all these processes cover a greater number of staff. ERP systems also merge all business operations into a uniform and enterprise-wide system environment. Material Requirements Planning (MRP) MRP which is phases orders for dependent-demand items over a period to coordinate flow of materials and in in-process inventories for an example (BOM software-Bill of Materials) with manufacture schedules. It also calculate and tracks consequence of hundreds of variables such as new orders, changes in various capacities, clogged production centers, shortages, and delays by suppliers for an example (Inventory Status File software ISF), and feeds financial data into the accounting system. Distribution Requirements Planning (DRP) DRP is generally used with an MRP system, even though most DRP models are more inclusive than stand-alone MRP models. The fundamental basis for DRP is to more precisely predict demand and then use that information to increase delivery schedules. This way, distribution in ALDI can reduce inbound supply by using MRP in combination with additional schedules. Customer Relationship Management (CRM) One important role in Enterprise System is an integrated information system that is used to plan, schedule and control the presales and post sales actions in a business. The primary goal of CRM is to improve long-term growth and profitability through a better understanding of customer behavior. In the compartment interconnecting CRM, Customer Experience Management (CEM) playing significant role to collect automated information. ERP systems also integrated CRM systems that deal directly with the customers, or the eBusiness such as e-Commerce, e-Government, e-Telecom or supplier relationship management (SRM) systems. Control and Enhance Business activity with SCM and EDI SCM (Supply Chain Management) is to control the process of the series of activities that move products from suppliers. It is ideal for operations for ALDI that require rapid order entry procedures, visibility of process from the order entry screen, and extensive serial tracking capabilities. In addition, the software provides extensive shipping and multi-warehousing management capabilities in ALDI. There are fundamentally 3 goals of SCM: to decrease inventory, to boost the pace of transactions with real-time or online data exchange, and to amplify returns by fulfilling customer demands more resourcefully. EDI (Electronic Data Interchange) and e-Procurement we can set goals; and predict, optimize, and schedule time, materials, and other resources with EDI activities: The inventory tracking is significantly facilitated throughout Web-based ordering (Web 2.0 or e-Mobile) and the softwares ability to integrate with bar-code-readers with the retail Point of Sales (POS) system. E Commerce Internet, the most powerful tool of the new era of ES technology, it has transformed the business methodologies and dramatically impacted the communication with customers. The formation of faster internet connectivity and influential online tools has resulted in a new commerce arena Ecommerce. The advantage of introducing Ecommerce in ALDI and its customers are as follows: This revolution is particularly common in business-to-business (B2B) commercial. Many of the Fortune 500 companies have adopted e-commerce systems such as Amazon, Tesco, IBMs etc. E-commerce can be developing XML (cXML, or Commerce Extensible Markup Language) specification for the messages. The XML Common Business Library (xCBL) as the format of messages, and mySAP uses the Open Catalog Interface between buyer and seller systems Cast study According to Glen Petersen, author of ROI: Building the CRM Business Case, the most successful CRM systems are found in organizations that realign their business model for effectiveness, not just redesign their information systems. The other benefit of the ES approach is to have the same version and method information systems for the whole branches whether in ALDI in Ireland or ALDI in Denmark. The information stored in systems stored once and at the same time it will avoid any duplication and save money as well. As a result, there is no wasted effort and no variation of data. This can be done via Database Management Systems Server (DBMS), so the new opening branches need to network to DBMS server to download programs, product details, etc. The integrated systems will flow seamlessly across diverse business strategy, business units, and geographic boundaries. Eventually, most of transactions currently are use integrated system to running business operation such as purchasing, invoicing, cashiering, (inserting, updating, manipulating and reporting data) etc. The integrated system that sound general but number of companies implemented, implementing such systems called an Enterprise Systems Developments of Enterprise Systems From my research and the inspiration by Peter Checkland the best method before designing, the phases should analyze with Soft System Methodology (SSM) before Systems Development Life Cycle (SLDC) taking process. SSM was developed during the 1970s, the methodology surfaced from systems engineering. The system engineering unable to scope with complex system, so the SSM grew stronger till up to date. The SSM, to handle the complexity where the ALDI could recognize and understand the global needs. A complexity where SSM is appropriate is in deciding how ALDI should make use of the information technology. Please see below the sample of SSM process though CATWOE analysis: The next stage of SSM is SLDC. SLDC is life cycle for the project management technique that alienated complex phases into smaller part. Segmentation of phases easier to manage and substantiate the successful completion for ALDI. Please see below the subsequent phases: System realization and implementation Initial feasibility of project C:UserskbalaDesktopEShead_logo_blue.gif Various testing phases integration system, testing and debugging Project planning and designing The phases-analyst, structured and documentation Actual programming and coding phases Implementation an Enterprise System in ALDI Enterprise systems have enabled cost-effective business processes and contributed to the improvement in process efficiencies. The Enterprise systems start from back-office an automating the business transactions that customer do not care about. In eye of people, although back office systems not offer reimbursement they do important role for an organizations. Poorly, operating of back office can lead to unsatisfied customers, suppliers or tax officer and also cant generate accurate accounting final reports. So, in my observations, moved or transforms into ES it will supporting supply chains of optimization, sales force automation and improve customer service. When implementing ES, most organisations are required to do significant changes and to (re)design processes according to the best practices embedded in ES. This is considered the most challenging issue in ES projects (Davenport 2000, Shanks et al. 2003). Robey et al. (2002) suggest that ES implementation can be understood as dialectic of learning. ES create new opportunities but also new challenges and difficulties for both users and implementers and influence ES development. The implementations of system in ALDI, can be done in either by installing more comprehensive software or by installing complementary software applications-it called Bolt on systems (from 3rd party software company). In addition to the issues that relate to change management, the legacy systems still maintained by many large organizations such as ALDI for some specific applications, along with the ERP system, are posing further challenges for the business processes. ALDI have been successful in capitalizing on enterprise systems are striving to continuously improve their business processes and the fit between processes and information systems, and how they support their business needs and models. The Database Management Systems (DBMS) and Strategy The database for Aldi, why we need it and its used for? Why is it important for an organisation or to ALDI? From the research that I have been through and found the most common uses for databases and the deep impact for the Aldi or any organisations. Storing Information Data Modelling is to control and manage large volumes of data. Database is a kind of program that enables the user to store information. A database system provides electronic and easy to insert, update, retrieve and store information. In order to avoid of duplication and reduce data redundancy, in DBMS the feature embedded and is called Normalisation. Multiple Users Access The super power in database technology allows multiple access and update information and to be instantly viewable by all users. It is improve communication internally and externally but also ensures the server distribute equally with load balancer via (file, print, database and application server) Application Server DATABASE SERVER http://www.petervaldivia.com/technology/networks/image/client-server.gif Data dictionary Organisational Structure Log Files Master Data Programs Transaction Data Please see above the Tiered of Configurations and the Layer of Database Security and Protection Database security indicates the system, processes, and procedures that defend a database from illegal activity. DBMSs frequently impose security through access control (manages who can connect to the database via authentication and what they can do via authorization), auditing (records information about database activity. Encryption (protects data at the lowest possible level by storing and possibly transmitting data in an unreadable form. The DBMS encrypts data when it is added to the database and decrypts it when returning query results). Centralization of Database Centralised database, information congregation and distribution ensuring reliability of data across the region and producing economies of scale. The centralisation of database is to ease maintaining accurately updated of data that easily accessed to DBMS via File Sharing and Networking tools. Maintenance Relational Database Management System (RDBMS) feature maintenance tools to easily maintain, test, repair and back up the databases housed in the system. Enable to access to Web The new technology of data storage and retrieval via XML with connected with DBMS, where the ability to access information any part of world. Cut Down On Staff A database that is used efficiently will lessen the need for extra man power to maintain the system. Although, the DBMS can account for an initial investment, it will more than pay for itself after long-term active use. Reduces Data Duplications Object Linking and Embedding, Database (OLE DB) uses the Component Object Model (COM) which reduces unnecessary duplication of data at high level degree, not only among diverse information sources but also among existing database. Money, Money, Money: When choosing a database, one of your first decisions is going to be about money. How much are you willing to spend for your database? Free databases exist, but remember the maxim: software isnt free, you are. In this context, if you get a free database package, it will be up to you to install, configure and administer it. Tech target.com Queries The tremendous of DBMS is Queries, tool embedded in system enable the database administrator to retrieve information and present in a predefined format. There are number of database management system available in today informative world, such as SQL Structured Query Language (SQL). SQL is computer language for designing and manipulating database systems. The SQL work database programs like MS Acesss, Oracle, Sybase, etc Example of SQL to control user with DCL: The Data Control Language (DCL) authorizes users and groups of users to access and manipulate data. Example: GRANT SELECT, UPDATE ON My_table TO some_user, another_user; REVOKE SELECT, UPDATE ON My_table FROM some_user, another_user; Barriers of Implementation of Enterprise System in ALDI Cost and Financial barriers Financial barriers should in fact be the biggest barrier. The implementation of ES to millions, tens of millions, for small and medium enterprises, and ultimately to create value or by products, ES, at best, is an information platform. ES in the short term, apart from helping to cultivate and to help staff the concept, the negative returns. As for the long-term interests, for the efficiency gains and cost reduction, but also fundamentally corporate will produce fundamental changes in the structure of the self-optimization path. Another significant of implementing is the initial setup and preliminary expenses time and the cost through with adaptation, adjustments and training. For a business that only receives one P.O. per year from a client, fully integrated CRM, MPR and EDI may not make economic scale. In this case, businesses may implement inexpensive solutions. For other businesses, the implementation of an integrated ES solution may be necessary as increases in trading volumes brought on by EDI force them to re-implement their order processing business processes. Tools Many ES initiatives have failed because the tools werent available enough to end users so the ES (e-commerce, DW and a complex of business intelligence system), capabilities were never really applied. Users regularly used the DBMS system to pull data from the warehouse and import it into Excel, bypassing the systems analytic capabilities that, to them, seemed overly complex or not very useful. Despite this fact, we can see the complexity of systems and all about the related to financial matter to buy hardware and developing a complex programming (Java, Delphi, Pearl and C ++) and end with re-engineering of ES if the current system not useful for management and users. People People who have the information, industry skill, and objective to succeed are sometimes unenthusiastic to embrace new technologies. This can be internal or external of people, when implementing advance ES, an organisation should value and estimate the level of education and culture with the current location. There are several factors: Employee are comfy and secure with the expertise of current factors The leadership issue, the senior management will have to look hard to find a business minded leader (project manager) wise and technology savvy leader. Such people are scarce. Management must choose that person carefully in order to complete tasks according to get the most productive and efficient leader for the organisation to maximise the use of the system. Inadequately information is communicated about the technology that is being adopted and deployed; Lack of training and empowerment between management and staffs Without proper hiring of staff or human resources it is consider as one of the Information System (IS) barriers with the implementation for they are the one who gives the specifications, requirements and standard that help to develop and improve the functionalities of any business organization. Communication also adds up to impediments of technology, every staff member and manager must work together as a team to be able to be successful in achieving one goal. Unskilled staff The system must be prolong and supervise from time to time and the staff who will handle the operation must be well trained and have a capability on maintaining the system. By unskilled staff inside the organization will add up to the barriers to the realization of the system. Technical Problems: IT Infrastructure Deficient of a sharing, reliable computing and network infrastructure to address the needed teamwork for the implementation. When an organisation deficient an IT infrastructure there will be a complexity in operating technology supported programs with consistency from one office to the other or building to building. It also slows and complicates communication among the organization or others. Unworkable time frames Most information systems take considerably longer than initially planned. The timing issue delay and attempt to serious technical hitches in planning for and regulating to changes in operations. Difficulty of data collection and management Data collection is measured to be the most crucial and tricky part of implementing an Information System (IS) for it is the establishment of the entire system process. Thus, these convey what the system is all about, its capacity and limitations. Conclusion Enterprise systems affect nearly all aspects of organizational life, not only at the point of start-up but also throughout their operational lives. Indeed, an organizations enterprise system affects its need and ability to upgrade or convert to more modern technologies. . In this paper, I have attempted to tackle the pro-innovation bias present in many of the reasons reported for the adoption of ES packages. I have gone through the benefits and barriers that are relating the Enterprise System. The Enterprise System can be a companys best asset when it is used correctly, however if not it will not yield much saving for a company. It is best suitable for the large organisation such as ALDI. My overall research does not recommend that a company blindly put in place Enterprise System without proper knowledge, research, technique, methodologies and analysis for a term of modernisation. Nevertheless, for that reason, the analysis with SSM and Enterprise System life cycle playing significant roles of the developing integrated business intelligence system. Overall, new organisational structure need challenge to new Globalisation Information Systems (GIS) to centralised on establishing data communication, IT infrastructure, e-business and DBMS to positing of the global organisation in the international economy.

Muslim Girls :: essays research papers

The central Bosnian village Dolina is located in a valley north of the Bosnian-Hercegovinian capital, Sarejevo. From a very early age Muslim girls are taught that their role as a female is to assist their mother with household chores and to serve the men. While her male siblings, who spend most of their time playing and walking around the village, are not expected to work around the house (Bringa 106). Muslim boys were given privileges because they were male. Muslim women usually did not leave the household for employment because they maintained the household agriculture, however they could sew and knit for other villagers. Women’s work mainly consisted of tending to the garden where they grew the vegetables for household consumption. The women also did the milking and the processing of cheese (Bringa 52-4). The busiest part of a Muslim woman’s day was in the morning when she did the cooking and the cleaning. A women’s daily routine, which includes social calls t o her neighbors, know as â€Å"coffee visits†, revolves around both her children and husband’s schedule. A woman was expected to be home whenever her husband was home (Bringa 87-8). The daily interaction between neighboring households occurs mainly through the women’s â€Å"coffee visits.† During the â€Å"coffee visits† the women are expected to uphold Muslim community values so as not to damage the reputation of their household (Bringa 91). Tone Bringa wrote: â€Å"as a wife a woman’s behavior was judged in relation to her behavior within the neighborhood and village, and in terms of her critical role as representative of the moral standing of her household on a daily basis†(105). Women determine and maintain the environment that exists within the household while the men are the providers of material substance (Bringa 86). The men spend most of their time working outside the village in nearby market towns or in the industrial suburb s of Sarajevo. Some of the most common jobs include bricklayer, welder, carpenter, electrician, car mechanic, warden, and lorry driver (Bringa 51). Fontana del Re is a poverty stricken neighborhood in Naples, Itlay. Just like in the Bosnian village of Dolina, the women of Fontana del Re, Naples tend to stay close to home while the men leave the area to find work. Life in Naples is focused on the mother. Thomas Belmonte wrote, the mother â€Å"is at the center because she controls and distributes the twin sources of human vitality, food and love† (89).

Music as an important feature of A Midsummer Night’s Dream

Show where you would include music in your production and what different effects you would try to achieve. The earthy, natural feeling of A Midsummer Night's Dream gives many inspirations and possibilities for music to be included in the play. It also, contrastingly, gives the opportunity for music not to be used (for example during the songs specifically written in the text and the overall lyricism of the play). Before the performance, during the interval and afterwards I want to show and enhance the nature links within the play. I thought of a time when man and nature were very close, and remembered some tribal music I had. It uses a lot of drums and panpipes, very primitive instruments that show the early nature of the music and the time. It also uses voice, but no words, relying on the noises made by the human voice rather than the pronunciation. An early interpretation of the word â€Å"faerie† meant a spiritual being who was very much linked with nature. These beings had good and bad sides, so are not the archetypal â€Å"fairies† often portrayed today. The spiritual, tribal music would enhance the idea that the faeries are not that dissimilar to humans, while remaining completely different. I would like to give the audience a hint of what is to come just before it happens. For example, just before a fairy is about to come onstage, I would have a short piccolo burst to signify it. This could be continued for each of the three â€Å"classes† – mortals and Mechanicals too. The higher-class mortals could be symbolised by a short burst on the trumpet. This could be increased to a fanfare for Theseus when he enters, and vary between a short note for the lovers on their own to a full fanfare for the court. Similarly, since the Mechanicals are also mortals, a brass instrument could be their entrance too. This would link them to the members of the court, but by using a different instrument such as a trombone, it would set them apart as well. A trombone would be good because it is associated with slapstick comedy, which is what the Mechanicals are, essentially. These notes before an actor's entrance would have to be timed very well so that they came before an entrance, but not too far before so as to detract from the last scene. When Titania and Oberon meet in Act II, Scene I, Titania has a very long speech on how the seasons are being disrupted by their lovers' feud. This speech would be difficult to say while keeping the attention of the audience, and previously I have ideas to cut it. However, looking at the music in this production I have decided on a great piece that would really work. It is called Pachelbel's Frolics. It is derived from Pachelbel's Canon but slowly changes during the piece, almost too slowly to notice. By the end of the music, it has progressed into a full-blown Irish Gig. I think this is wonderfully significant to the piece as it so accurately portrays the changes of which Titania speaks. The fact that it happens so slowly will confuse the audience I think, because they will not notice the change in tune until it has changed thoroughly. Act II, Scene II has the fairies singing Titania to sleep. It would be tempting to use music here to support the fairies. After thinking this through, I decided that no music would be better, as that way the lyricism in the text can come through in their voices alone. Harmonies and vocal variations within the song would be nice here, showing how the differences in the worlds come together to make something that is good. The rhythm and harmonies alone should be enough to carry the piece through. We have tried it in production with it as a choral piece, each saying different lines, and it didn't work very well. Treating the song as a song would work better, but this would require getting a musical assistant to produce a tune for the song, and to work on the harmonies. It would also require actors who could sing and manage harmonising. I think that if the piece was done well, it would work much better than if music were put to it. Act III, Scene I includes Bottom's rowdy song, originally sung to cheer himself up and make him less scared. As it continues, I think he should get rowdier and bawdier; more confident. I don't think I would use music here either. At the beginning he should definitely be alone, and any musical accompaniment would detract from his solitude onstage. For the first half of the song, before Titania wakes up, he should sing quietly, building up to full volume at the line â€Å"The wren with little quill. † Then, after Titania's line he can start at full volume, loudly, brash, almost in a drunken way. His voice should not be particularly tuneful, but very loud (as if to make up for it! . This would show how unrefined he is, and how totally unsuited to Titania. It would also emphasise the differences in appearance and behaviour, especially if Titania is played very daintily and quiet in the scene. The final place where music could be used is in Act V, during and just after the Bergomask dance. Again, I would like to use the music here to emphasise the class differences between the three group s. When the Mechanicals dance, the music they dance to should reflect their status. This is why I chose â€Å"Irish Party in Third Class. It is an Irish tune, much more heavy and beating than the one I have used previously. It is from the party below decks in Titanic, and has such a great atmosphere to it that it would work with the Mechanicals' base instincts. This would also show the class boundaries, as it is fairly apparent that this music is not â€Å"refined† for the other members of the household. The heavy beat of the drum and the deeper notes of bagpipes compared to the fiddle make the piece quite natural and tribal again, while keeping its Irish connotations. After the performance of the Mechanicals' play, Oberon and Titania appear to bless the house. They also dance, and as Shakespeare's stage directions are very remote, the dance could be of any kind. I thought that to emphasise the link with nature, it would be good to use the music from the interval as a dance for them. It has very heavy drumbeats and so carries a good rhythm for dancing. The tribal links would be carried through the whole play, creating continuity through the performance. The whole essence of the fairies in my production is their darker, less â€Å"perfect† side. This dance at the end could be very ritualistic, almost pagan. Through the dance we could see their personalities come through as themselves.

Eating Less for a Longer Life essays

Eating Less for a Longer Life essays Within the article, "Eating Less May Extend Human Life," there are three main studies discussed. Those studies have a population of rodents, rhesus monkeys, and male humans respectively. The three groups the study specifics, are all slightly different in both population and scientific characteristics. Though each study is different they all reflect similarities of findings and suggest that further research will yield promising results. In the rodent tests, the article suggests that there have been several tests conducted on both mice and rats with predictable results, include a test and a control group. The test group consists of a population of rodents with a reduced dietary intake of about 30 percent. In addition to this those rodents within the test group also share three biomarkers, thought to be as a result of the reduced caloric intake, lower body temperature, lower blood sugar and high levels of the hormone DHEAS. The control group of this particular study is a group of rodents with both normal caloric intake and lower life span. The results for the Rhesus monkey study are still preliminary, the test started 15 years ago must reflect the normal lifespan of the Rhesus monkey, about 25 years in order to contend scientific results. "Statistically, at least half of the monkeys will have to complete their normal lifespan before the data is considered significant, said Roth" (AP 2003, pp. 3). Regardless of this fact indicators suggest that the control group is consistently living shorter lives on a normal caloric diet and lacking the three biomarkers present in the super aged rodent population. The human test also preliminary is also slightly different than the other two studies. The human male study, occurring in Baltimore, MD, does not include a test group being denied caloric intake. Instead the studies test group includes a group of men who consistently possess the three biomarkers found in both the test rodent and monkey p...

Copybloggers Best Advice On How To Scale To 8 Figures With Brian Clark

Copybloggers Best Advice On How To Scale To 8 Figures With Brian Clark If you are a marketer, then you have probably heard of Rainmaker Digital’s Copyblogger and read some of its articles. Copyblogger is one of the most iconic marketing blogs in the world. It is kind of a big deal, and there’s a good reason for that. The team at Copyblogger works hard to publish specific content that the audience finds extremely useful and valuable. Today, we’re talking to Brian Clark, founder and CEO of Rainmaker Digital and creator of Copyblogger. Brian and Copyblogger are recognized by many as the most influential blogging resources. If you haven’t got the hint yet, Brian knows his stuff! So, learn all about audience, value, and generosity from him. Getting back to basics with digital and content marketing automation and personalization; it’s still the human being in the middle of it that matters the most Know your audience for automation and personalization to be a delivery engine that gets better content to people who care about it Learn how to use new tools before applying them in the fundamentals of a sound digital marketing strategy; the tool does not make the strategy Audience First Content: Build your audience by providing them value; then you will understand what products they want and need Publish content first that attracts an audience, and then build a product Copyblogger is considered the Bible of content marketing despite no advertising Rainmakers: Use email marketing principles and have a product to sell to develop authority and clients How much to give away for free with your content marketing be generous, tell them everything, and share as much as you can, if you are selling something Content Creation to Revenue Generation: Are you getting more business than if you weren’t doing content marketing? Productize content and charge audience for information by knowing the objective and removing all objections that prevent buying Know your audience to determine the right format (audio, video, written, etc.) Internet is the greatest market research environment; it’s no longer about not having enough information, but how to manage and utilize it all Biggest mistake made is trying to appeal to everyone and not turn anyone off Links: Copyblogger Rainmaker Digital Brian Clark on Twitter Permission Marketing by Seth Godin Write and send a review to receive a care package If you liked today’s show, please subscribe on iTunes to The Actionable Marketing Podcast! The podcast is also available on SoundCloud, Stitcher, and Google Play. Quotes by Brian Clark:: â€Å"Be super generous because it’s competitive out there, and you have to find a way to stand out.† â€Å"It really should be the right content at the right time for the right person.† â€Å"Audience First is really the idea that you build that group of people by providing them value.† â€Å"That’s what we’ve done every time. Start with the content that attracts the audience, and then develop the products.†

Definition of Impressment of Sailors

Definition of Impressment of Sailors Impressment of sailors was the practice of Britains Royal Navy of sending officers to board American ships, inspect the crew, and seize sailors accused of being deserters from British ships. Incidents of impressment are often cited as one of the causes of the War of 1812. And while it is true that impressment happened on a regular basis in the first decade of the 19th century, the practice was not always viewed as a terribly serious problem. It was widely known that large numbers of British sailors did desert from British warships, often because of the severe discipline and miserable conditions endured by seamen in the Royal Navy. Many of the British deserters found work on American merchant ships. So the British actually had a good case to make when they claimed that American ships harbored their deserters. Such movement of sailors was often taken for granted. However, one particular episode, the Chesapeake and Leopard affair, in which an American ship was boarded and then attacked by a British ship in 1807, created widespread outrage in the United States. The impressment of sailors was definitely one of the causes of the War of 1812. But it also was part of a pattern in which the young American nation felt like it was constantly being treated with contempt by the British. A press gang of the Royal Navy at work. Getty Images   History of Impressment Britains Royal Navy, which constantly needed many recruits to man its ships, long had a practiced of using press gangs to forcibly recruit sailors. The working of the press gangs were notorious: typically a group of sailors would go forth into a town, find drunken men in taverns, and essentially kidnap them and force them to work on British warships. The discipline on the ships was often brutal. Punishment for even minor violations of naval discipline included flogging. The pay in the Royal Navy was meager, and men were often cheated out of it. And in the early years of the 19th century, with Britain engaged in a seemingly endless war against Napoleons France, sailors were told that their enlistments never ended. Faced with those horrendous conditions, there was a great desire for British sailors to desert. When they could find a chance, theyd leave the British warship and find escape by finding a job aboard an American merchant ship, or even a ship in the U.S. Navy. If a British warship came alongside an American ship in the early years of the 19th century, there was a very good chance that British officers, if they boarded the American vessel, would find deserters from the Royal Navy. And the act of impressment, or seizing of those men, was seen as a perfectly normal activity by the British. And most American officers accepted the seizing of these fugitive sailors and did not make a major issue out of it. The Chesapeake and Leopard Affair In the early years of the 19th century the young American government often felt that the British government paid it little or no respect, and really did not take American independence seriously. Indeed, some political figures in Britain assumed, or even hoped, that the United States government would fail. An incident off the coast of Virginia in 1807 created a crisis between the two nations. The British stationed a squadron of warships off the American coast, with the purpose of capturing some French ships which had put into port in Annapolis, Maryland, for repairs. On June 22, 1807, about 15 miles off the Virginia coast, the 50-gun British warship HMS Leopard hailed the USS Chesapeake, a frigate carrying 36 guns. A British lieutenant boarded the Chesapeake, and demanded that the American commander, Captain James Barron, muster his crew so the British could look for deserters. Capt. Barron refused to have his crew inspected. The British officer returned to his ship. The British commander of the Leopard, Captain Salusbury Humphreys, was furious and had his gunners fire three broadsides into the American ship. Three American sailors were killed and 18 were wounded. Caught unprepared by the attack, the American ship surrendered, and the British returned to the Chesapeake, inspected the crew, and seized four sailors. One of them was actually a British deserter, and he was later executed by the British at their naval base at Halifax, Nova Scotia. The other three men were held by the British and finally released five years later. Americans Were Outraged When news of the violent confrontation reached shore and began to appear in newspaper stories, Americans were outraged. A number of politicians urged President Thomas Jefferson to declare war on Britain. Jefferson chose not to enter a war, as he knew that the United States was not in a position to defend itself against the much more powerful Royal Navy. As a way of retaliating against the British, Jefferson came up with the idea of imposing an embargo on British goods. The embargo turned out to be a disaster, and Jefferson faced many problems over it, including New England states threatening to secede from the Union. Impressment As a Cause of the War of 1812 The issue of impressment, by itself, was not cause for war, even after the Leopard and Chesapeake incident. But impressment was one of the reasons given for the war by the War Hawks, who at times shouted the slogan Free Trade and Sailors Rights.

Southwest Airpine Analysis Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Southwest Airpine Analysis - Research Paper Example America’s public transport is quite efficient and this poses a challenge to Southwest’s operations. Bus companies are most notable for offering alternative short-distance travelling services to many Americans who prefer the road than the air. According to Gittell (2005), transportation factors such as scheduling, safety, facilities, security procedures are very important to travelers who might use these factors as criteria not to choose Southwest in favor of surface transportation. The existence of close to 1150 seaports in Texas makes it possible for Texas residents and visitors to travel conveniently and cheaply by sea. Furthermore, commuter rail services provided by organizations such as Capital MetroRail have greatly made surface travel as interesting and fast experience as travelling by air. The road network in Texas is no doubt superb considering the several high standard highways that dot the state. Many potential air transport customers opt to travel by bus (such as Executive Coach Inc) or by private means considering the specific conveniences that come with road transport including the option of making stopovers at interesting sites. The huge number of companies offering care hire services has made the surface travel experience great even to those who cannot afford town cars. Customers who may be dissatisfied by one or more aspects of Southwest’s services may opt to use other means of transport which have better services. One of the greatest strengths of Southwest Airlines is its product positioning. The company has developed an integrated marketing strategy that has helped position its product among its core target market (Lauer, 2010). Most air travelers in the US know that Southwest has the kind of products that they would choose. In its marketing communication, the company positions itself as a â€Å"low-fare, short-haul, high

Strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Strategy - Essay Example Donald Hambrick and James Frederickson present a framework for strategy design insisting that a strategy has five distinct elements (Hambrick & Fredrickson, 2005, p 51). Providing the answers to five questions will distinguish these five elements allowing them to form a unified whole. Loblaw Companies Limited is the largest food retailer in Canada and also a leading provider among general merchandise, financial products, pharmacies and financial services. They have over 1000 corporate and franchised stores and they employ more than 135,000 employees, both full time and part time. As such they are one of Canada’s largest private sector employers (Loblaw Companies Limited, 2011). Strategies of a company should contain the answers to pertinent questions as to how the company will be a leader among their competitors, where will they base their activity, what is outlined in the company’s business and marketing plans to assist the company in reaching goals, how fast and in wh at order should our actions be planned to get where we want to be and in what economic ways will we realize our returns (Hambrick & Frederickson, 2005, p 3). Deciding the arena, or where the company will be active should not be a generalized decision but as specific as possible in order to focus strongly in implementing successful strategy that will allow them to expand and consider the possibility of one day reaching the status of a product, service, or company that could be considered general by the population. There are very few of these we consider to be general, meaning they are obviously the leader and most often thought of in a particular industry with little competition; the fact is that they just are and there aren’t many decisions to be made or choices when a product, service or company reaches the status of being general. Though there are many general products, such as bread, shoes, cars , etc. there are actually very few that when we think of the general word ther e is only one choice that comes to mind. This would also be considered defining the scope of the business (Collis, Rukstad, 2008, p2). While Loblaw’s mission is to be ‘Canada’s best food, health and home retailer their mission also includes innovative products at great prices (LobLaw Companies Limited.-2, 2008)’. Loblaw’s chose as it’s arena restoring innovation by making their brands and assortment of products worth changing supermarkets for and targeting consumers with specific brands and assorted product specialties that are hard to find in other supermarkets. Their brands wanted to strengthen and also revitalize product development, to simplify and also to grow. These areas are considered the arena the company has chosen to be active in. Core priorities of the company also describe strategy the company will use to achieve goals and reach milestones. LobLaw operations planned to focus on achieving greater performance and increasing engagem ent among colleagues, strengthening the customer experience, simplifying assortments and improving price perceptions (LobLaw Companies Limited.-2, 2008) Enhanced decision making support, an improvement in company infrastructure, along with better talent retention, motivation and development are also vehicles the company’s strategy includes in order to reach the goals their plans have outlined. Various vehicles are less effective than those which are concentrated and strong efforts utilizing only a few strategies at once in order to focus efforts. Differentiator’s used by LobLaw are those factors and attributes that LobLaw will use to differentiate itself among competitors; while not necessarily having one product that is used as differentiator among competitors companies can also have the best combination of differentiators can allow an

Defining and Measuring Quality in Health Care Organizations Term Paper

Defining and Measuring Quality in Health Care Organizations - Term Paper Example Strengths and weaknesses related to how quality is defined, measured, and monitored within the organization are also covered in this paper. Quality in Brookwood Medical Center is defined in terms of well structured and designed care practices, ability to recruit and maintain well trained employees, realization and putting into practice sound management practices, ability of the management to build a constructive and encouraging working environment, and fiscal health that initiates the attainment of quality practices. The kind of quality related measures currently being monitored in Brookwood Medical Center include balancing and outcome measures. In terms of balancing measures, the organization is investigating whether implemented strategies aimed at reducing patients waiting times are leading to other issues such as increased medical errors. Outcome measures according to the Institute for Healthcare Improvement (2011) looks at "how the system impacts the values of patients, their health and wellbeing" (para. 4). For instance, Brookwood Medical Centre monitors the number of days to the next available appointment. Data collection for both balancing and outcome measures in Brookwood Medical Center is conducted through a sampling procedure. For balancing measures relating to whether reducing patients waiting times is leading to other health issues such as increased incidences of medical errors, four data collection are conducted on a monthly basis. A sample size of thirty patients per data collection is used. The number of patients re-admitted due to issues relating to medical errors is then determined. This information is communicated to the staff during weekly team meetings. One of the weaknesses relating to how quality is defined is the fact that differences in measurements may occur due to chance and risk factors (Mant, 2001). For instance, there may be underlying factors such as predisposition to specific

Fiscal Policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 1

Fiscal Policy - Essay Example Excess of government expenditure over revenue is called the fiscal deficit. Managing the budget to adjust revenues, expenditures and public debt are necessary for achieving full employment without inflation; at least it is a balancing act with such intentions on the part of the government. When the economy is in a downtrend, the need for compensatory spending by the government arises. In that case, it should be a deficit budget, and on the other hand, during times of stability and growth, the surplus budget is preferred. If the government aims full employment, which in turn is expected to reduce the level unemployment benefits given to people, budgetary balance carries less importance in the government’s policies. â€Å"†¦the president's proposals generate a federal deficit of $900 billion in fiscal 2013. If it is verified, that would be America's first deficit of less than $1 trillion since the 2008 fiscal year. It would also represent a reduction in the deficit, as a s hare of GDP, from 8.5% to 5.5%† (R.A., 2012). There are multifarious factors at play which determines the fiscal deficit and increase in government debt. The decrease in tax revenues and increase in public expenditure causes budget deficits which lead to increase in public debt. Increase in public borrowing by the government sucks the liquidity in the economy, and therefore, this should be effectively used as a tool to combat inflation and regulate the speed of the growth to avoid overheating in the economy.

Peer Review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Peer Review - Essay Example Increasingly, the threat of medications that are risky being placed on the market anyway is becoming a problem as well. The claim is somewhat justified by the numbers given later on in the paper, not to mention the possible side effects and warnings on Tylenol labels, etc. However, some of these claims are a bit irrational. Vitamin supplements being taken in excess is not a normal occurrence and it seems a bit illogical to put it in this paper, although it's a valid point. However, this weakens rather than strengthens the original point on which one is focused, which is basically whether holistic medicine or pharmaceutical medicine is better. As stated before, the writer gives evidence to support her claim through use of statistics. However, other evidence should be given, such as the AMA's stance on alternative medicine, etc., and other pieces of useful evidence in order to determine how alternative medicine can be utilized. ... The information about Tylenol, vitamin supplements, and probably the arguments about the FDA putting bogus drugs on the market. Although these are all interesting factoids, it's not convincing enough as an argument unless there is more evidentiary support. 4. Is the essay well-organized How should the author improve the organization of the paper Where are transitions needed The paper should start out with, and not end with, facts about how many people die per year due to adverse side effects. Present more hard facts up-front, and then leave your audience thirsty for more about the topic so that they will keep reading. Ultimately this was an interesting paper anyway. However, people in the audience who are less interested in the topic are going to be asking themselves, "Why do I care about this paper and why should I keep reading it" As far as transitions are concerned, before the writer jumps into "According to the American Medical Association," she should start off by saying something like, "For example." This gives the reader a cue as to the fact that you are going to begin supporting your claims with evidence. There are various places in the paper where this turn of phrase may be used handily, not just in that one place. Other phrases which mean the same thing could be easily employed. 5. What does the author need to work on to make the argument better The author needs to use logical and concise evidence to support her claim. 6. Are there grammar or punctuation errors Has the paper been cited in the text and in the Works Cited or Reference page per MLA or APA rules There are no errors and the paper has

It's Beginning to Hurt Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

It's Beginning to Hurt - Essay Example He gets astonished to see a young woman that his father was marrying. Although he lacks authority over his father’s choice in marriage, he commands to a great extend through his facial expression that the woman was not the best for his father. The father is the most authoritative person in the setup. He cautions his son not to send a message that can instigate his wife to leave him for his son. The father who is now a widower had earlier been a victim of infidelity in his marriage and were not ready to face the situation again. The newly wedded wife also shows some authority when she offers to embrace her stepson. The son had missed the nuptial, but heads to the reception. He was dressed in a muddy clothes after getting stuck into the mud on his way to the wedding. The mud he got stuck in acted as a cleansing agent for the admiration of his father’s wife. His stepmother embraces him in his muddy clothes as a way of showing him love and as an authority that she will love him just like her son. The three characters best demonstrates the authoritative personality in the

Fiscal Policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 1

Fiscal Policy - Essay Example Excess of government expenditure over revenue is called the fiscal deficit. Managing the budget to adjust revenues, expenditures and public debt are necessary for achieving full employment without inflation; at least it is a balancing act with such intentions on the part of the government. When the economy is in a downtrend, the need for compensatory spending by the government arises. In that case, it should be a deficit budget, and on the other hand, during times of stability and growth, the surplus budget is preferred. If the government aims full employment, which in turn is expected to reduce the level unemployment benefits given to people, budgetary balance carries less importance in the government’s policies. â€Å"†¦the president's proposals generate a federal deficit of $900 billion in fiscal 2013. If it is verified, that would be America's first deficit of less than $1 trillion since the 2008 fiscal year. It would also represent a reduction in the deficit, as a s hare of GDP, from 8.5% to 5.5%† (R.A., 2012). There are multifarious factors at play which determines the fiscal deficit and increase in government debt. The decrease in tax revenues and increase in public expenditure causes budget deficits which lead to increase in public debt. Increase in public borrowing by the government sucks the liquidity in the economy, and therefore, this should be effectively used as a tool to combat inflation and regulate the speed of the growth to avoid overheating in the economy.

It's Beginning to Hurt Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

It's Beginning to Hurt - Essay Example He gets astonished to see a young woman that his father was marrying. Although he lacks authority over his father’s choice in marriage, he commands to a great extend through his facial expression that the woman was not the best for his father. The father is the most authoritative person in the setup. He cautions his son not to send a message that can instigate his wife to leave him for his son. The father who is now a widower had earlier been a victim of infidelity in his marriage and were not ready to face the situation again. The newly wedded wife also shows some authority when she offers to embrace her stepson. The son had missed the nuptial, but heads to the reception. He was dressed in a muddy clothes after getting stuck into the mud on his way to the wedding. The mud he got stuck in acted as a cleansing agent for the admiration of his father’s wife. His stepmother embraces him in his muddy clothes as a way of showing him love and as an authority that she will love him just like her son. The three characters best demonstrates the authoritative personality in the

Gansz V. Alton Haunted House Essay Example for Free

Gansz V. Alton Haunted House Essay The case of Gansz V. Alton Haunted House originated when a girl tripped while running from an individual with a loud motor driven chainsaw at a haunted house in Alton, Illinois on October 29, 2011 (Faces of Lawsuit Abuse, 2013). The girl’s father, Terry Gansz, claims the haunted house tour included a section where patrons were directed through a passage leading to a ramp with an entry to the rear of the haunted bus. American Legion is being blamed for the design of the haunted house making it difficult for patrons to exit the attraction (Madison Record, 2013). Arguing that the plaintiff voluntarily assumed the risks of the haunted house, the defendants claim they are not at fault and should not be liable for any injuries claimed (Madison Record, 2013). Issue: Has negligence been demonstrated? Rule According to Cheeseman (2013), negligence is a A doctrine that says a person is liable for harm that is the foreseeable consequence of his or her actions (p.91). The elements of negligence include: Duty of Care Breach of Duty Harm Legal Causation The case of Gansz versus Alton Haunted House exemplifies the foundation of the fault principle. Terry Gansz the father of a young girl who was injured when she tripped over a ramp at the Haunted House alleges that there was failure to ensure the safety of the patrons who visited the haunted house.  Alton Haunted House had a duty to exercise reasonable care for those who would visit the haunted house. The unforeseen danger of the participants were not averted and the injuries suffered by the young girl is the fault of Alton Haunted House. Alton Haunted House believes the young girls harm was the result of her own negligence. It was not the duty of the young girl to research beforehand the possible dangers of the haunted house. Analysis In our analysis of the case team D recognized that there were flaws in the defendant’s case. The defendants had a responsibility, a duty in fact, to ensure the safety of the patrons. There should be a limit as to how far actors should be allowed to come to patrons. Also nowhere in the case did it state that a sign was posted stating enter at your own risk or anything of that nature. So team D concluded that the defendant must be held liable for their action because there were no clear policies in place for employees with regards to chasing patrons. . Duty of care is listed as Duty of care is defined as the obligation people owe each other that is, the duty not to cause any unreasonable harm or risk of harm (Cheeseman, 2013, p. 91). We believe that is was there duty to ensure safety. Conclusion Learning Team D reviewed the case of Gansz v. Alton Haunted House using the IRAC method. Based on the issue, rule, and analysis conducted, the team’s conclusion is that Alton Haunted House is liable for negligence because they breached their duty of care. This breach resulted in foreseeable injuries to the plaintiff. In this case, patrons did assume a level of risk by entering into the house; however, Alton Haunted House still had a responsibility to ensure their employees were properly trained and supervised prior to interacting with patrons in order to minimize the risk of injury. This case provides an excellent example of the liabilities business owners may encounter. Therefore, in any business managerial setting it is imperative that owners carefully consider how their actions or lack of actions could lead to a lawsuit. References Faces of Lawsuit Abuse. (2013). Girl chased at haunted house sues Alton. Retrieved from http://www.facesoflawsuitabuse.org/2012/10/girl-chased-at-haunted-house-with-chainsaw-sues-alton-american-legion/ Madison Record. (2013). Bellville attorney to represent Alton in haunted house lawsuit. Retrieved from http://madisonrecord.com/issues/366-personal-injury/249477-belleville-attorney-to-represent-alton-in-haunted-house-lawsuit Madison Record. (2013). November trial vacated in girls suit against Alton haunted house. Retrieved from http://madisonrecord.com/issues/366-personal-injury/259790-november-trial-vacated-in-girls-suit-against-alton-haunted-house-cmc-set-eve-of-halloween

Hydrothermally Green Synthesized Ginger Properties

Hydrothermally Green Synthesized Ginger Properties Hydrothermally green synthesized ginger derived carbon nanodots showing antioxidant, catalytic reducing and anticancer properties* Abstract Carbogenic carbon nanodots containing Curcuminoids and 6-gingerol layers with bulk of resonating non bonded electrons were synthesized using simple and green hydrothermal method from natural herb Ginger. As synthesized C nanodots were characterized using UV-Vis spectroscopy, IR, DLS, and TEM analysis. The antioxidant, catalytic reducing and anticancer properties of C dots were studied using ex vivo KMnO4 reduction assay, catalytic 4-nitrophenol reduction test, and in vitro MTT assay on MCF-7 cell line respectively. These carbogenic carbon nanoparticles shown quantum particle size of 4 nm. The green synthesized C dots shown excellent in vitro biological anti oxidant and anticancer properties along with reducing nature. This study exhibited the novelty of these green synthesized bioactive carbon nanodots for tagging and coating of bioactive materials for drug vectorization, biodetection, biocompatible cell targeting and biological applications. Keywords: Ginger Carbon Dots, Antioxidant, Reducing, Anticancer, MCF-7 cell line. 1. Introduction Carbon nanodots (CNDs), as a new member of carbon nanomaterial family, have aroused great interest because of their outstanding water solubility, high sensitivity and selectivity to target analytes, low toxicity, favorable biocompatibility, and excellent photo stability1-3. Lots of methods for the production of CNDs have been reported such as hydrothermal and solvothermal technology and needs simple equipments. Due to their excellent fluorescence, CNDs have made impressive strides in sensitivity and selectivity to a diverse array of salt ions, organic/biological molecules and target gases4-8. The development of CDs as nano probes is still in its infancy, but continued progress may lead to their integration into environmental and biological applications. CNDs mainly have two major categories as carbogenic and graphitic carbon nanodots. These carbon nanomaterials can be derived from natural resources, biomolecules as carbohydrates, proteins using hydrothermal, solvothermal and microwav e synthetic methods. As synthesized polymeric layer structured CNDs contain N, S, O hetero atoms with Carbon as main elemental composition with SP2 hybridization and along with conjugation and plenty of mobile electrons. Carbogenic carbon quantum dots or CNDs can be derived from natural herbs and wastes and contain mainly SP2 hybridization and conjugation of Carbon atoms and or with S, N, O atoms. CNDs are conjugated systems which have sp2 and sp3 hybridized carbons atoms with plenty of oxygen containing groups. CNDs obtained by the hydrothermal treatment reaction contains ionization, condensation, polymerization, and carbonization by bottom-up method. Such carbon dots may contain plenty of mobile electrons in polymeric layers limiting in size of 2 to 8 nm. and can show excellent non blinking photoluminescence and UV-VIS absorption of radiations9-17. So these CNDs can be used for coating biomaterials, nano probes, nano vectors for bio applications18-22. Ginger is one of the most wid ely used herb condiments in the world and is used as a traditional medicinal herb in eastern countries like India, China, due to its antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, and anti-carcinogenic properties. Curcumin, a hydrophobic polyphenol [(1E,6E)-1,7-bis(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl) hepta-1,6-dienne-3,5-dione], is a yellow ingredient of ginger, which exhibits many biological activities such as antibacterial, anticancer, and hepatoprotective activities. Curcumin can inhibit the growth of the human cancer cells and change the cell-surface morphology, and trigger pro-apoptotic factor (e.g., mitochondrial damage and caspase activation) to promote cell apoptosis, with low toxicity to other cells. In addition to curcumin, 6-gingerol (a natural analog of curcumin; [5-hydroxy-1-(40-hydroxy-30-methoxyphenyl)3-decanone]) is another abundant constituent of ginger, which exhibits antimetastatic and anti-invasive pharmacological activities on cancer cells. Such active ingredients of ginger can be ac commodated in quantum dot polymeric level by carbonization of ginger to CNDs for use of biological activities and applications. Here in this paper we have synthesized carbogenic carbon nanodots by use of natural herb ginger. After physicochemical characterization of these CNDs, their reducing nature, catalytic activities, biocompatibility, anti oxidant nature and anticancer potential have been checked by various biological screening tests. 2. Materials and Methods 2.1. Materials All the chemicals used for synthesis of CNDs and their biological screening such as NaOH, KMnO4, 2,4-DNP, NaBH4, 4-Nitrophenol, Vitamin-C, 5-Fluorouracil, MTT reagent were of A. R. grade from S. D. fine chem. and Merck ltd. Cell culture medium DMEM, 10% fetal bovine serum, Human breast cancer cell line (MCF-7) were procured from NCCS center, Pune, India. The double distilled water from Millipore system was used throughout the synthesis and testing. 2.2. Methods 2.2.1. Hydrothermal synthesis of Carbogenic CNDs from ginger The carbogenic carbon nanoparticles (CNDs) were synthesized using hydrothermal green method with some modification from natural herb ginger. In brief fresh tenders of rhizomes of ginger were purchased from local market and washed with boiled water. Then the surface cover of tenders peeled and cut into small pieces. These pieces were crushed by mortar and pestle and aqueous extract was taken in appropriate volume(25 ml.) in a beaker. 0.01 M NaOH (10 Ml.) and 15 ml. double distilled water was added in to beaker and basic extract was carbonized at 200oC for 3 Hours. over hot plate under air atmosphere. As formed carbon residue was diluted with double distilled water to 100 ml. and filtered through filter paper no.1. then finally the filtrate was dialyzed through dialysis membrane with porosity 2 nm. for 8 hrs. with stirring. The transparent brown liquid containing carbon nano dots stored in refrigerator for further use. 2.2.2. Structural and morphological characterization of CNDs The structure, hybridization, morphology, particle size and types of atoms of CNDs were confirmed on the basis of physicochemical characterization on the basis of UV-VIS and IR spectral analysis, TEM, DLS analysis. Systronic double beam spectrometer was used for UV-VIS spectral analysis of CNDs with solution conc. of 10  µg./ml. in water prepared after drying CNDs suspension at 100oC with water as blank. TEM image and DLS scattering for particle size of CNDs determined with original CNDs aqueous suspension. IR spectra of CNDs determined using KBr pallet method on Perkin Elmer series spectrometer. 2.2.3. Reducing catalytic activity of CNDs The reducing nature of CNDs along with catalytic activity was determined by reduction of 4-nitrophenol to 4-aminophenol in presence of CNDs with sodium borohydride (NaBH4). The role of CNDs on reduction rate was studied with UV-VIS spectrophotometry. The time required for reduction in presence of CNDs studied by wavelength scan spectra of 4-nitrophenol reduction to 4-aminophenol. Briefly, 2 ml. of 4-nitrophenol(0.01M) and 1 ml. NaBH4 (0.01M) with 1ml. water taken in cuvette and 1 ml. of 10  µg./ml. of CNDs added to this mixture. Suddenly UV-VIS spectra was recorded from 2 minutes after reaction up to 12 minutes. The online real time UV-VIS scan was performed until completion of reaction of 4-NP to 4-AP. 2.2.4. Antioxidant property of CNDs by ex vivo KMnO4 assay The antioxidant activity of CNDs were tested by ex vivo KMnO4 reduction assay with Vitamin-C as standard control antioxidant drug by UV-VIS spectrometer optometric absorbance measurement. Briefly 5 ml. 0.01M KMnO4 reacted with 5 ml. 1mg./ml. CNDs in a hard glass test tube sealed at open end with cotton and incubated in dark for 30 min. at 37oC in CO2 environment of incubator. The absorbance of bare potassium permanganate solution was determined before and after incubation with antioxidant material as OD1 and OD2 respectively. Same test was performed for CNDs and Std. Vitamin-C as control for various concentrations of 0.12, 0.25, 0.5 and 1 mg./ ml. finally the percent antioxidant activity of material determined by using ex vivo assay formula as, Percent antioxidant activity = OD1-OD2 / OD1 X 100 % 2.2.5. Anticancer potential of CNDs by in vitro MTT assay on MCF-7 Cancer cell cultures – MCF-7 (human breast cancer) cell lines were purchased from NCCS, Pune, India. All cell lines were grown and maintained in suitable (DMEM -media and were grown and subcultured in medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum,1% L-Glutamine.1% penicillin streptomycin antibiotic solution. All cells were trypsinated using trypsin-EDTA solution and seeded in 96- well plates. The newly synthesized CNDs were evaluated for their in vitro cytotoxic effects against MCF-7 (Breast cancer cell line), by the standard MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide) assay using 5-FU (5-Fluorouracil) drug as a positive control in aqueous form. The MCF cell line was maintained in DMEM medium supplemented with 10 % fetal bovine serum. The cells were plated at a density of 1 Ãâ€" 105 cells per well in a 96-well plates, and cultured for 24 h at 37 °C. The cells were subsequently exposed to 10  µM CNDs.The plates were incubated for 48 h, and cell proliferation was measured by adding 10 µL of MTT (thiazolyl blue tetrazolium bromide) dye (5 mg ml-1 in phosphate-buffered saline) per well. The plates were incubated for a further 4 h at 37  °C in a humidified chamber containing 5% CO2. Formazan crystals formed due to reduction of dye by viable cells in each well were dissolved in 200  µl DMSO, and absorbance was read at 490 nm. The results were compared with the standard drug inhibitors 5 fluorouracil. (10 µg/Ml.) Lastly percent cytotoxicity of CNDs was calculated by using following formula. Percent Cytotoxicity = Reading of control Reading of treated cells / Reading of control X 100 3. Results and Discussion 3.1. Morphological and structural characterization of carbon nanodots 3.1.1. IR analysis The IR spectra of CNDs shown peaks in both the regions of functional and fingerprint signals. The functional group signal region of spectra exhibited the presence of aromatic and conjugated –OH groups, diketone, aromatic conjugated system, while fingerprint region of spectral signals shown presence of aromatic –OCH3 aromatic-H, -CH2 stretch, and presence of sp2 hybridized carbon groups. The IR signal frequency at 3486 cm-1 is due to the aromatic –OH groups. Peak at 2930 cm-1 show presence of conjugated diketonic group. Peak at 1644 cm-1 may be attributed to aromatic -OCH3. All other peaks of spectra in fingerprint area may be due to presence of conjugated –CH groups, aromatic-H, -C=O etc. (Fig.1). hence all these evidences prove the presence of curcuminoids and 6-gingerol layer of CNDs. Hence these CNDs are carbogenic carbon nanoparticles containing sp2 hybridized conjugated carbon atoms containing plenty of Pi and non bonded electrons with chain sizes in nanometer range. 3.1.2. UV-VIS absorption spectra of CNDs The UV-VIS spectra of CNDs shows two absorption peaks at 210 nm. and 315 nm. and with long tailing in visible spectra. These observations clearly indicates the presence of Pi and non bonding electrons in carbogenic CNDs. The absorption peak at 210 nm. shows n to Ï€* transition and peak at 315 is due to Ï€ to Ï€* transition and electron radiation relaxation (Fig. 2). Hence these spectral analysis indicates the presence of conjugated carbon system with n and Ï€ electrons probably due to curcuminoids and 6-gingerol in CNDs with SP2 hybridized carbon in conjugation. So CNDs could contain aromatic conjugated natural carotenoid like diketonic molecular systems of these active ingredients of ginger. The DLS scattering spectra of CNDs reveal that, the average particle size of the carbon nanoparticles is 4 nm. which matched with the TEM image of CNDs and with size of these carbon quantum nanoparticles. The sizes of CNDs varies from 2 to 12 nm. (Fig. 3), but maximum CNDs shows size between 2 to 6 nm. hence these are quantum dot carbon nanoparticles with abundance of mobile electrons responsible for light scattering in DLS and electron scattering in TEM. The TEM image of CNDs proved that there is some aggregation showing amorphous nature and circular morphology of CNDs material. 3.2.1. Reducing catalytic activity of CNDs by reduction of 4-NP to 4-AP The reducing and catalytic nature of CNDs tested by reduction of 4-nitrophenol(4-NP) to 4-aminophenol(4-AP) in presence of NaBH4 by absorbance measurement with time lag of reaction. The initial absorption spectra of 4-NP and peak at 330 nm. vanished after reduction by CNDs in presence of NaBH4 as hydrogen source and CNDs as catalyst. After 12 min. 4-NP is totally converted to 4-AP showing new absorption spectra with peak at 460 nm. the catalytic reduction cycle of reaction completes after 12 min. UV-VIS real time online reaction wavelength scan performed from 2 min. to 12 min. until completion of reaction in cuvette. The formation of 4-AP take place with shifting and dampening of peak of 4-NP and formation of new peak of 4-AP in UV-VIS wavelength scan spectra (Fig.4). Very good antioxidant activity is shown by CNDs derived from natural herb ginger compared with Vitamin-C by ex- vivo KMnO4 assay. The antioxidant activity determined for 0.12, 0.25, 0.5 and 1 mg./ml. concentrations of CNDs and Vit.-C as standard control is represented in Fig.5. The CNDs shows higher antioxidant activity than Vit.-C which increases with increase in concentration of drug. The color of KMnO4 fade after treatment of material and incubation in biological environment conditions, which elaborates the reducing as well as antioxidant nature of control Vit.-C and material CNDs. EC50 minimal inhibition concentration value or half reducing antioxidant activity of Vit.-C and CNDs determined by triplicate absorbance measurement are 0.62 and 0.48 mg./ml. respectively. So CNDs are better option for antioxidant material than Vit.-C for bio applications with minimum concentration for high antioxidant activity. 3.2.3. Anticancer potential of CNDs by in vitro MTT assay on MCF-7 cell line MTT assay performed on MCF-7 human breast cancer cell line for anticancer potential of CNDs with 5-Fluorouracil as control drug shows moderate to good activity against these cells. As CNDs are reducing, antioxidant and contain free mobile electrons they can inhibit growth of MCF-7 by generation of ROS (Reactive Oxygen Species) at acidic pH inside cells. The cell viability of MCF-7 decreased by CNDs up to 64 % at concentration of 5  µg./ml. in sterile phosphate buffer saline with pH=7.4 and up to 78 % at 10  µg./ml. compared with 5-FU to 15 % at 5  µg./ml. and 19 % at 10  µg./ml. respectively. So the EC50 = 5  µg,/ml. shown by CNDs prove that a good candidate drug for anticancer application on selected cell lines without toxicity on normal cells. 4. Conclusion The green, hydrothermal and cost effective synthesis of carbon nano dots from natural herb ginger has been reported in this paper. The synthesized CNDs had shown presence of layers of curcuminoids and 6-gingerol as drug ingredients from ginger with conjugation and plenty of mobile electrons. These CNDs had explored reducing catalytic, antioxidant, anticancer activities. Hence these carbogenic CNDs with 4 nm. mean quantum size exhibited important biological activities. So these water soluble CNDs derived from natural herb and in basic medium by carbonization process can be used as tagging and coating material on bioactive nanomaterials for cell vectorization or probing and for biocatalytic, antioxidant and anticancer applications. Overall the CNDs derived from natural herb ginger exhibit characteristics of: better reducing, catalytic, antioxidant and anticancer activities good water and phosphate buffer solubility hence these are bioavailable drug candidate good stability and low toxicity on normal cells and moderate cytotoxicity on cancer cells quantum dot size and presence of curcuminoids and or 6-gingerol natural multiactive drugs So the CNDs can be better options for toxic quantum dot materials as CdS, and CdSe in biological applications.

Hitlers Foreign Policy :: essays research papers fc

Assignment: Give an account of Hitler’s foreign policy, using the following headings: (A) Defiance of the Versailles Treaty (B) Relations with Italy (C) Territorial Expansion Defiance of the Versailles Treaty After the First World War, Germany signed a peace treaty with France and Britain. Among the 440 Articles were: * Germany lost Posen, the Polish Corridor and part of Upper Silesia to Poland. * Germany lost the Sudetenland to Czechoslovakia * Germany lost Eupen and Malmedy to Belgium * Germany lost North Schleswig to Denmark * Germany lost Alsace Lorraine to France * Germany lost all its overseas colonies * Saarland was under LN control and after 15 years the people could vote if they wanted to belong to Germany or France * The Rhineland was to be demilitarised * The army was reduced to 100,000 * Germany could have no submarines, no airforce and no heavy artillery * Germany had to pay major Reparations. In percentages: Germany lost 10% of its land, 100% of its colonies, 12.5% of its population 16% of its coal fields and 50% of its iron and steel industry. The main terms of the Versailles treaty Hitler (like most Germans) hated the Versailles Treaty and he didn’t want to follow the rules made by it. In fact, step by step he broke the laws. The first step he took was to increase the German army. Germany was only allowed to have an army of 100,000 men, no airforce, no tanks and no submarines. But in an interview with the Daily Mail on March 9, 1935, Goering revealed that there was a German airforce. One weak later Germany also announced that it had an army of 500,000 men. France and England didn’t even object to this. In 1936 Germany signed a treaty with England saying that Germany was allowed a navy one third the size of the British navy. Germany was rearming fast. It wasn’t hard thanks to the good economic growth. But the rearmament was so expensive that in 1936 it was clear that Germany was soon to go into an economic crisis if nothing was done. There wasn’t a better time to test the Versailles Treaty because the international situation was very fortunate to Hitler. Italy’s invasion of Ethiopia proved that the League of Nation (LN) was worthless. It also focussed Anglo-French diplomacy on Italy. After some years, Italy became weak because of the economic sanctions from Britain and France and the public opinion in France and Britain was still very anti-war.

Themes in White Noise by Don DeLillo Essay -- White Noise Don DeLillo

White Noise â€Å"The world†¦is crowded, not necessarily with occupants and not at all with memorable experiences, but with happenings; it is a ceaseless flow of seductive trivialities which invoke neither reflection, nor choice but instant participation.† (Oakeshott) The idea of the lacking of realness is one of the major themes carried out throughout the novel White Noise by Don DeLillo, especially through the device of the television. â€Å"For most people there are only two places in the world. Where they live and their TV set. If a thing happens on television, we have every right to find it fascinating, whatever it is.† (DeLillo 66) The television in the novel White Noise is portrayed almost as a character and plays a significant role in the lives of the individuals in the story. The TV set is always on in the house and emits a constant flow of words, sounds, and images into the home. McCarthy depicts the TV set itself as â€Å"both a piece of furniture in a room and a window to an imaged elsewhere, both a commodity and a way of looking at commodities.† (1) In other words, not only is the television an American commodity, it also gives rise to hundreds upon thousands of other â€Å"must-haves†. There is hardly a home in America lacking at least one television set, giving this mode of communication enormous influence ability. â€Å"The world has but one language, soon learned: the language of appetite.† (Oakeshott 41) In order to feed this appetite Americans especially, glue their eyes to the TV to see what new ways of living and new products are out there to make their lives better. The character, Jack Gladney shows this modern-day way of thinking when he goes shopping at the mall. After looking at the â€Å"mass and variety† of hi... ... nothing" since "there is no media in Iron City." (DeLillo 92) To the characters as well as to most of society, only the amount of coverage of the incident by the media brings the event into existence. It wouldn’t matter how many casualties how many lives ruined if the occurrences weren’t captured on film and plastered over every news station. â€Å"For most people, events are not ‘news’ unless they appear on television.† (Johnson 212) Once again this is seen when the refugees from the toxic cloud are upset that they only got fifty-two words on television, and not even on network news. â€Å"Are they telling us that it was insignificant†¦? Do they think this is just television? ... Don’t they know it’s real?† (DeLillo 162) Once again this concept that remains throughout the entire novel of distinguishing real from not real is brought up, and once again, is misunderstood.

Management Practices of Marine Corps Recruit Training Essay

Marine Corps recruit training is organized specifically to make Marines who are committed to the institutions core values of honor courage and commitment in service to the country. Recruit training is organized by Regiment; within the Regiment there are several components such as Battalion, Company, Platoons, Squads, and Fire Teams. Marine Corps Recruit Training San Diego uses the five functions of organizational management, which are planning, leading, organizing, staffing, and controlling (Reilly, M. , Minnick, C. , & Baack, D. 2011) in order to provide America with the finest fighting force in the world. During this paper, I will describe the organizational management of recruit training and how we incorporate each specific function to successfully provide trained Marines to defend our nation, win battles, and defend our reputation as America’s force in readiness. Planning is a integral part of organizing recruit training. It all starts with the actual recruiting process. R ecruiting consist of projecting the amount of marines that will go to recruit training. Recruiters are strategically located in areas based off their strengths and backgrounds, usually placed in areas in which they are familiar with the cultural backgrounds. Doing this provides leverage to successfully communicate and bond with those seeking to join the Marine Corps. Planning requires assessing the environment, determining goals for the organization, developing plans to achieve specific goals, and allocating resources (Reilly, M. , Minnick, C. , & Baack, D. , 2011). Assessing the environment for recruiters is to actually understand the demographics of the actual area in which they work in. Areas such as political, social trends, economic conditions, technical changes, and competitive forces effect recruiting and planning for recruit training. They can use political reasoning as a tool to actually recruit young men and women to join; often using what the Marine Corps has to offer as a selling point. Education, pride in belonging, physical fitness, adventure, patriotism, professionalism, compensation, healthcare, and retirement are a few selling tools used to attract those who desire direction and life-altering changes. The shipping schedule is usually determined by the amount of recruits are going to be attending training. Based off the training matrix, which is broken down into quarters, usually around when kids are graduating high school, the shipping will be high, due to those who discussed joining after graduation. The winter months are slow based off holidays, and kids in school, and a few months after graduation, there is a moderate shipping schedule. These are the kids that decided to either go to school or work first, and either dropped out, worked first and decided they wanted something different, or the ones that decided to stay home and finally desire some direction. One area that would effect recruiting and planning for recruit training would be politics and the economic condition. For example, recruiting during a time of war actually saw no decrease in those wanting to join the Marine Corps. The Marine Corps plans for workshops for educators to actually get an inside view of the rarely seen training of Marines. At the Marine Corps workshop, teachers, school officials and board members meet Drill Instructors, watch Marines in physical training and grab chow at the mess hall with Drill Instructors and recruits in which it does promote enlisting (Becker, A. , 2007). The economy also plays a major role in the ability to recruit those wanting to join the Marine Corps. When the unemployment rate is high, recruiters use job stability as a tool to land contacts in the Marine Corps, as the military provides a solid compensation plan, as well as retirement, medical, and housing benefits, as well as education. Determining organizational goals for recruit training is to establish a training environment that is predicated upon an a intensive twelve week entry-level training program designed to transform recruits into Marines through thorough indoctrination of Marine Corps history, customs, and traditions by imbuing them with mental, moral, and physical condition necessary for successful service to Corps and Country. This is similar to a mission statement, which expresses a clear and concise reason for why the organization exists (Reilly, M. Minnick, C. , & Baack, D. , 2011). To achieve these objectives, a plan must be created and followed to strategically accomplish the mission. The strategy is to foster character development, discipline, military bearing, esprit de corps, and Marine Corps common combat skills. Character development would be instilling and understanding the belief in corps values of honor, courage and commitment and those principles essential to values-based off decision mak ing, while stressing teamwork along with leadership. To achieve a state of discipline would be insuring respect for authority, instantaneous obedience to orders, and self-reliance to maintain those traits that exemplify a Marine which are obedience, fidelity and zeal. Military bearing is properly maintaining and wearing the uniforms as well as demonstrating military presence and personal awareness that Marines are Marines twenty-four hours a day seven days a week; and an always maintain a high degree of personal hygiene. Esprit de Corps is to instill the warrior ethos, which inspires mental and physical toughness, devotion, pride, initiative, determination, and an intense desire to work with and for others towards excellence in achieving common goals. Marine Corps Common Combat Skills assist in achieving mastery of and proficiency in basic common skills such as rifle handling, hand to hand combat, customs and courtesies, marine corps history, swim techniques, close order drill, and basic warrior field training. Leading is extremely important to recruit training, as it is the foundation of developing Marines. â€Å"Leading means motivating, coordinating, and energizing individuals and groups to work together to achieve organizational goals† (Reilly, M. , Minnick, C. , & Baack, D. , 2011). Recruit training has several layers of authority between the recruit and top level management in which is favors a mechanistic organizational structure. Within Recruit Training Regiment, there is Drill Instructor School, and Series Commanders Course. These courses are designed to develop Marines to become Drill Instructors and Officers capable of earning the title to train recruits. In order to become a Drill Instructor, one must complete a thorough mental, physical, financial, and moral screening before attending. The tour is regarded as one of the most intense demanding and important duties in the U. S. Armed Forces, as it is critical due to it being the spearhead of making Marines. Becoming a Marine Corps Drill Instructor is considered the most oveted as only the top two percent of the Marine Corps completes this tour of duty. It requires a vast amount of leadership as it requires a high level of commitment in order to achieve extraordinary results which require vision, trust, courage, passion, coaching, developing others, intensity, love, and even serving as a parent figure (Reilly, M. , Minnick, C. , & Baack, D. , 2011). Drill Instructor duty is approximately a three-year commitment, starting with Drill Instructor School, in which you are required to at least be a E-5 (Sergeant) to attend. Days usually start at 0400 and end around 1930 at times going longer due to additional duties such as clean up or recruit evening observation. The course is designed to practice effective time management and is a leadership school focused on further development of student’s leadership abilities and potential in which the main effort converges on the concepts of positive, concerned and ethical leadership. In order to pass Drill Instructor school, each Marine must display the mature use of power, motivation, effective teamwork, and good communication skills. Due to the extreme tempo of the course, Marines are required to comprehend knowledge of basic military subjects that will be covered in recruit training as well as learn the directives and regulations and procedures governing recruit training. Lastly, they must be physically fit in order to lead recruits during daily physical training. This is one of the most visible illustration of leading by example, as preparation is important as it ensures confidence through endurance and agility. The conditioning program is designed to develop four components, strength endurance, agility, and coordination. The program is progressive in nature, as Marines attending are required to run three miles in less than 23:00, complete 10 or more dead hang pull-ups, and complete 80 or more crunches in a two minute time frame. The reasoning for the high standards is to insure Marine Corps Drill Instructors are the finest Marines capable of providing direction for what needs to be accomplished, ensuring people do their jobs to the best of their abilities, and train people though personal example by motivating and inspiring them to be leaders. Leadership consists of several layers, regiment, battalion, company, platoon, and squad. For the purpose of leading, let’s discuss the Company level. Company level leadership consist of six to seven platoons, with the leadership consisting of a Company Commander, two Series Commanders, Company First Sergeant, two Chief Drill Instructors (one lead and one follow series), six to seven Senior Drill Instructors, twenty to twenty six green belt Drill Instructors. Each series has three to four platoons, each platoon has one Senior Drill Instructor with three green belt Drill Instructors. The Company Commander is in charge of all Instructors with the responsibility to enforce higher headquarters command intent, along with safety and enforcing adherence to the standard operation procedures of Recruit Training. Series Commanders are responsible for overall safety and training facilities of Recruit Training, as they report to the Company Commander of any violations to the standard operating procedures. A Company First Sergeant is responsible for all enlisted matters, and is the senior enlisted advisor to the Commanding Officer on all matters pertaining to recruit training and administrative actions. Chief Drill Instructor is responsible for all Senior and green belt Drill Instructors, acting as a supervisor of daily routines; he is similar to a manager in a company with multiple training cycles and experience. This billet is reserved for the most experienced and qualified Marine in the Company. Senior Drill Instructors are actually training and developing Marines in which they have the unique bond and responsibility to insure green belts do not push recruits beyond their physical and mental abilities. They act as the father figure, that recruits can share their personal problems with in order to complete recruit training. The Senior Drill Instructor is similar to a platoon Sergeant, responsible for everything that happens within the platoon. Green belt Drill Instructors are the backbone, in which they instill discipline, instant obedience to orders, and stress. The recruit learns everything from green belts such as how to eat, hygiene, communicate, fight, wear uniforms, military customs history and courtesies, and overall conduct of recruit training. Leading in Marine Corps Recruit Training is defined â€Å"as one’s ability to inspire and motivate a group of Marines to accomplish a mission† (Avalle, M. , 2008). This includes assisting Marines to achieve the highest level of performance in their duties, as well as influencing positive behavior and daily commitments to inspire success. Organizational structure of recruit training is into a Recruit Training Regiment (RTR), which has a battalion, company, platoon, and squad. The Recruit Training Regiment is composed of three training battalions and one support battalion, which are highly mechanized employing formalization and standardization. The infrastructure of the training environment features â€Å"highly routine operating tasks typically grouped together into functional departments with high formalization, central authority, and the decision making flows through a chain of command† (Reilly, M. , Minnick, C. , & Baack, D. , 2011). The Regiment Headquarters consist of staff sections ranging from administration to operations and logistics staffed to provide command and control of the subordinate battalions and Drill Instructor School. As discussed before, DI school further develops the knowledge, command presence, physical condition, leadership, and instructional abilities of selected staff non-commission officers, non-commissioned officers to successfully perform the duties of a DI. Support battalion provides subject matter expertise in direct support to RTR in its overall mission of making Marines. They conduct receiving and processing administration, medical and physical rehabilitation conditioning, instructional training and evaluating of academics, water survival, and martial arts. Support Battalion has a special training company (STC), recruit processing company (RCP), and instructional training company (ITC). The Regiment is designed by organizing by task and authority relationships that allow Marines to work together to achieve the goal of making Marines, broken down into three tasks; job design, departmentalization, and establishing organizational structure (Reilly, M. , Minnick, C. , & Baack, D. , 2011). An example of job design is how STC is departmentalized into several functional areas. Physical conditioning platoon, evaluation holding platoon, basic marine platoon, and medical rehabilitation platoon. MRP and PCP have the responsibility of medical rehabilitation in case of injury or medical illness and are unable to continue training. Instructional training company provides academic, Marine Corps martial arts program training, combat water survival, and monitors all academic testing. They also support special training company to speed the recovery of recruits who are on medical recovery. Recruit training battalions consist of a headquarters company and four training companies that conduct prescribed training for recruits. Headquarters has several functional areas in which they support the training companies. For example, First Battalion has a headquarters and four training companies, Alpha, Bravo, Charlie, and Delta. â€Å"The intended outcome of organizing is to create an organizational structure which is a formal system of task and reporting relationships that coordinates the activities of members so that they work together to achieve organizational goals† (Reilly, M. , Minnick, C. , & Baack, D. , 2011). The organizational structure uses a chain of command, service and operational. The Service chain begins with the President, through the Secretary of Defense, and continues through the Secretary of the Navy and Commandant of the Marine Corps (Rhodes, J. , 1998). The operational chain runs from the President, through the Secretary of Defense, directly to the Commanders of combatant and training commands for missions, training and forces assigned to their commands. Staffing of Recruit Training includes â€Å"recruiting, selecting, training, evaluating, compensating, and disciplining of employees within the organization† (Reilly, M. , Minnick, C. , & Baack, D. 2011). As discussed earlier, the organization starts with the recruiting process, in which qualified Marines are enlisted in the Marine Corps. Selecting the finest, most qualified Marines is also an extremely important function in Recruit Training. The selection process includes the level of training required to execute the job successfully, experience, special skills (technical and physical), personality characteristics, and legal requirements to qualify. Drill Instructors are required to be mature, as they have to be at least a E-5 to become eligible to train Marines. Top-level leadership is responsible for the intense scrutiny of each Marine selected to attend Drill Instructor School, as there is a high attrition level of graduating 85% as some are fail to meet the standards and rigors of training. Reasons include but not limited to not meeting the physical and physiological demands, failing to adjust, medical injuries to include stress fractures and extremity injuries, and various other administrative and disciplinary reasons. Officers and enlisted are held to the highest standers of personal conduct, morality, and professional skills. Commissioned officers dealing with enlisted members, officers are required to â€Å"base your relations with enlisted personnel upon the same mutual respect as you base your relations with your fellow officers. The measure of respect you inspire in your enlisted personnel is your measure of success as an officer† (Darcey, P. , 2012). The training and evaluating process, all marines are governed by the Uniform Code of Military Justice system and Standard Operating Procedures manual for recruit training. The UCMJ and SOP act as the formalized rules and regulations in which all Marines are required to adhere to. Through these manuals, each Marine has a specific boundary of responsibility and delegated authority in which Marines are disciplined by superiors for violating rules. The evaluation process is how successful one is at salvaging substandard recruits, performance of all training events to include drill, marksmanship training, physical fitness scores, and academic evaluation scores. Compensation consist of rewarding Marines by successfully scoring high in all functional areas of recruit training without violating the rules. Performance appraisals are done by the top-level leadership. Marines are recognized at the end of each cycle by various awards that promote advancement in higher responsibilities, such as advancing in billets, distinguished as the Honor platoon, which is the best platoon in the Company, Moral leadership award which is the best Drill Instructor that assisted in the over all advancement of the Company, or Dan Daly award which is awarded for being the hardest working Drill Instructor. Incentives encourage superior performance, as well as breed healthy competition for Marines to strive for excellence. Performance evaluation also assists in identifying areas of weakness and strengths as they allow an opportunity to assist in improving the overall development of each Drill Instructor. One area unique in nature is every three months, leadership changes along with Drill Instructor teams. This allows the leadership to equally balance out teams lacking in certain areas of experience. Control in recruit training establishes accurate measuring and monitoring systems to evaluate how successful each Battalion and Company achieves its training goals. The standards of control process consist of four steps which are establish and receive standards set in the planning process, measure performance at the strategic, tactical, and operational levels, compare performance outcomes with the standards that were met, and making decisions (Reilly, M. , Minnick, C. , & Baack, D. , 2011). Supervision in recruit training is essential to the success of developing Marines. This allows superiors to ensure training objectives are met through supervision, if they standards are not met; they are able to swiftly distinguish things that are failing to improve the training environment and ways to actually improve those standards. Measuring performance in physical fitness, academics, physical injuries, marksmanship, close order drill scores, combat fitness scores, and various other productivity and efficiency accurately displays the performance and effectiveness in the control process. Company wide process is evaluated by the top level, such as the Company staff which is the Commanding Officer, Series Commanders, Company First Sergeant, and Chief Drill Instructors. Departmental levels include Senior Drill Instructors and their fellow Drill Instructors within their actual platoon. Standards are compared by evaluating the performance based off fellow companies in the Battalion. As stated before, there are four companies in a battalion. All companies report statistics to higher headquarters, which is at the battalion level. Performance data is gathered and compared to fellow companies and battalions. This gives a average, using ratios by adding all companies together and dividing by the total companies in the battalion. Either the company greatly exceeds the standards, the standard was met, was slightly missed, the standard was missed, or was grossly missed, (Reilly, M. , Minnick, C. , & Baack, D. , 2011). Appraisals are extremely important in the controlling process as it allows for management to make decision in which poor performance will be mitigated and address, and good performances will be recognized, shared and awarded. This process works as a feedback tool of what worked and failed in management of Recruit Training in which standards allow the progression of effective organizational systems at each level. In closing, Recruit Training incorporates organizational management practices of planning, leading, organizing, staffing, an controlling to successfully train Recruits, Officers, and Drill Instructors. Planning is the beginning phase and important to establish directions for goals to be met, which was unforeseen and projected. Controlling is the process of supervising performance against established goals as well as developing unique methods to take action in maintaining and improving performance within the organization. Organizing is forming Marines to gather resources; knowledge and experience to create products and services in an effective efficient manner in order to successfully execute the mission of Recruit training. Planning was the systematic process in which supervisors make critical decisions about future training and key objectives the Recruit Training environment strives to achieve. And lastly, staffing is the effective organization of Marines joined as a team to successfully engage them to achieve organizational goals. Through organizational management, recruit training continues to function as a well-designed training environment, able to validate our force in readiness as America’s finest fighting force.