Fetal Alcohol Syndrome The Effects of Alcohol on a Fetus...

Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) is caused by fetal exposure to alcohol during pregnancy and is characterized by specific patters of fetal deformities. Researchers are unsure at what stage in the pregnancy these malformations occur or the amount of alcohol consumed to cause these deformities. FAS is the leading cause of mental retardation that is preventable. There are usually three factors pertaining to a diagnosis of FAS: â€Å"the presence of prenatal/postnatal growth retardation, craniofacial anomalies, and central nervous system (CNS) abnormalities.† (Pinto Pravikoff, 2008)Other disorders including fetal alcohol effects (FAE) and alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorder (ARND), and alcohol-related birth defects (ARBD) may be present†¦show more content†¦Many times a diagnosis goes undetected due to signs and symptoms not being recognized. During a physical assessment and obtaining a history on FAS patients and pregnant women, the care provider is responsible for assessing risk factors as well as presenting problems in these patients. A fetus’ exposure to alcohol during pregnancy can be assessed or monitored by screening tools including blood tests and urinalysis on the fetus and mother to show the frequency, duration, and quantity of alcohol the pregnant woman is consuming. During the physical assessment of the fetus or infant the care provider should notice facial features such as: small palpebral (eyelids) fissures, smooth philtrum (groove between upper lip and nose), thin upper lip, small eyes with short slits, epicanthal folds, wide flat nasal bridge, micrognathia (small jaw), and ear defects. An MRI can also be performed and the results may show structural brain abnormalities like microencephaly. (Pinto Pravikoff, 2008) Treatment for FAS includes resuscitation, evaluation of deficit severity, and prevention ofShow MoreRelated Alcohol And The Fetus Essay1518 Words   |  7 Pages Know When to Say When nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Drinking during pregnancy is often thought of as no big deal. However, drinking during pregnancy is a very big deal. An unborn baby’s life is in the hands of the mother. If she decides to drink, she is risking the unborn’s chances of being as smart and healthy as it can be. Drinking during pregnancy opens the doors to a variety of harmful effects on the mother and her unborn baby, and until this is brought out in the open with honesty, it cannotRead MoreThe Effects Of Alcohol And Its Effects On Children856 Words   |  4 Pages Alcohol plays a major role in today’s society. Everywhere we look, something is advertising alcohol. Alcohol is consumed for many purposes, whether it be for a celebration, out of boredom, or a way to relax. Alcohol has very damaging effects. Not only does alcohol cause self-inflicted diseases, but it harms unborn fetuses as well. Many women drink alcohol before they realize they are pregnant. One of the most seve re effects alcohol causes an unborn fetus is Fetal Alcohol Syndrome. Fetal AlcoholRead MoreEssay on Fetal Alcohol Syndrome1390 Words   |  6 PagesNutrition is a key component of an individual’s healthy well being. Many factors have a significant effect on nutrition and it is important to continuously maintain a balanced one. Having a good nutrition is one of the main defenses for an innumerous amount of illnesses and diseases that can harm the body. One would ask, â€Å"What is nutrition per say, and how do we maintain the balance of it?† Nutrition is defined as â€Å"the sum of the processes by which [a living thing] takes in and utilizes foodRead MoreFetal Alcohol Syndrome : Causes And Effects1078 Words   |  5 Pages Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Alcohol plays a major role in society today. We consume alcohol for many purposes such as gatherings, holidays, or self fulfillment. One of the most frowned upon things that come with drinking in our society is drinking during pregnancy. Nonetheless, consumption of alcohol during pregnancy can result in pathologies for the mothers fetus leading to growth, mental, and physical birth defects, also known as Fetal Alcohol Syndrome. The severity of the effects from thisRead MoreWhy Pregnant Substance Abuse Should Be Treated As A Major Issue1441 Words   |  6 PagesThere are many reasons why pregnant substance abuse should be treated as a major issue. The effects of substance abuse on the mother, fetus, and the overall pregnancy can range from none to extremely harmful. Women who use drugs during their pregnancy commonly give birth to â€Å"crack babies† or â€Å"drug babies†. These babies can have developmental disabilities or other birth defects. The mother may give birt h to a premature infant, underweight infant, or even have a stillborn birth. The drug use of a pregnantRead MoreIn Today’S Society Healthcare Is Changing Rapidly, Mainly1099 Words   |  5 Pagesthat should be addressed is Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS). The valuable information found within so many resources allows for better prevention of FAS, patient centered care, and quality of care for not only the mother, but for the fetus as well. It is important to be able to have access to all types of resources, know how to interpret the information they are providing, educate the patient, and put it into practice in order to put an end to issues like Fetal Alcohol Syndrome. One of the issues thatRead MoreFetal Alcohol Syndrome Essay1522 Words   |  7 PagesFetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) is a disorder that can happen to children whose mothers drank sufficient amounts of alcohol sometime throughout their pregnancy. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome is a condition classified in a group called Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders, and is the most known and severe of the group. FAS, depending on the factors such as location, population and race studied is considered one of the leading known causes of mental retardation and birth defects, with 0.2 – 1.5 out of every 1Read MorePrenatal Development And Development Of A Fetus1591 Words   |  7 Pagesof the development of a human fetus during pregnancy, from fertilization of the egg until the birth of the child. There are many factors that can contribute to the development of the fetus and many threats that can impact it. Most prenatal development occurs in a normal manner, however; there are many things that can go wrong during this vulnerable time and usually are caused by genetic or environmental factors. While the hazards that threaten the development of a fetus can be easily steered clearRead MoreFetal Alcohol Syndrome Essay1707 Words   |  7 Pagesof prenatal alcohol exposure (Lupton, 2003). This number will only continue to grow if the risk of drinking alcohol while pregnant is not brought to t he people’s attention. When the mother takes a drink of alcohol, so does the fetus, which will cause physical and behavioral problems after birth. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) is completely preventable and irreversible. FAS awareness and prevention is important; expectant mothers need to know the background information about the syndrome, some commonRead More The Irreversible Damage Caused by Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Essay884 Words   |  4 Pagesher baby. Excessive exposure to alcohol during pregnancy can inflict serious, permanent physical and mental damage on her child. When a pregnant woman drinks alcohol she is making her child drink also. In knowing how Fetal Alcohol Syndrome can be prevented, what the symptoms are, and who and what make up the risk factors fetal alcohol syndrome can be better understood. The National Organization on Fetal Alcohol Syndrome states Fetal Alcohol Syndrome is the name given to a group of physical

The Essence Of The Debate - 1712 Words

The Essence of the Debate Divine Election according to Calvin One of the most valuable key sources of information on the subject of divine election is John Calvin’s Institutes of the Christian Religion. He began weaving doctrinal revelation and explanation together in 1536 and finished the text in 1559. The initial composed manuscript presented comprehensive perspectives aligning with the four points of the Apostle’s creed. As time passed, Calvin decided to instruct readers in the rudiments of Christianity and offer a clear confession by which the French king could judge Reformation’s supposed heresy. The twenty first chapter of the third book of this work offered his understanding on the subject of divine election. The first line of this section explains â€Å"the covenant of life is not preached to all, and among those to whom it is preached, does not always meet with the same reception†. God has chosen, according to his mere pleasure, to spontaneously offer salvation to some and destruction to others. Although much scriptural evidence exists supporting this understanding, this revelation remains a mystery. Paul’s declaration in the Book of Romans suggests divine election â€Å"cannot be known unless God, throwing works entirely out of view, elect those whom he has predestined†. Hence, individuals need to remember that this subject of predestination is hidden in the recesses of divine wisdom. All are not born on the same terms; some are destined for eternal life and othersShow MoreRelatedGeorg Lukacs : The World Of The Integrated Society And Our World990 Words   |  4 Pagesopposites of one another, the Greek world is one where the essence of everything is both with in the soul and outside in the world. In our world this is changed and essence is something in which we live without. The ‘good’ is not found within or outside the individual, there will always be an internal debate about what is truly ‘good’. In the Greek world this ‘good’ is found, not created, and acted upon in a way that is instant, there is no debate. This essential nature of both the outer world and innerRead MoreAdaptation Is The Practice Of Art1434 Words   |  6 PagesFrom the very outset, it is worth noting that the article’s central theme is the practice of adaptation. Adaption is used in the article to describe the practice of transforming an already existing work of art to come up with a new form of art. In essence, adaptation involves developing a new work of art (such as a film) from an existing one (such as a novel or play). The new work of art is said to have transformed or adapted the original. 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Their beliefs would change how individuals and societies viewed their decisions, their life outcomes, and ultimately, their true nature. In the ring, two clear opposing stances weighed in, but only one would make the cut. In one corner stood Gaozi, defining human nature as neutral, and in the opposing corner stood MenciusRead MoreThe Generation Of The World Essay1532 Words   |  7 Pagesthat since the name â€Å"Son† refers to a relation held between Jesus and the Father which must be of generation â€Å"it follows that you have said that he is from the ‘essence’ of the Father†¦Ã¢â‚¬  since â€Å"a son is no other than the offspring from his father, is it not evident that the fathers have suitably said that the Son is from the Father’s essence?... If he is a son, he is not a creature, an d if a creature then not a son† for â€Å"no one would ever call his own offspring a creature or his creature offspring.†Read MoreAndragogy: The Cornerstone of Adult Education Essay743 Words   |  3 Pagesallows the availability for each adult to find their own specific learning style. As we all know, each individual will not learn the exact same as another. In the following essay we will explore all there is to know of Andragogy. The long standing debate of Andragogy is if adults and children learn differently and also if they should or should not be taught differently. To fully understand andragogy one must research into the different perspectives as I have done. 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Deliberation on the true entity of God is unavoidable and contrasting opinions emerge by human endeavor. Debate on the trinity largely was derived by disagreement on the concepts ousia (common essence) and hypostasis (substance). These concepts became distinctive by The Cappadocian Fathers: Basil the Great, Gregory of Nyssa, and Gregory of Nazianzus. The relationship of God, the Father, and his son JesusRead MoreThe Doctrine Of The Trinity1600 Words   |  7 Pagesmarketplace without hearing or becoming engaged in a debate about whether God the Son is equal to or less than God the Father. After Arianism (the belief that Jesus is the Son of God and was created by God the Father at one particular point in time, and therefore distinct and subordinate to the Father) faded from the Eastern and Western Empires around 587 C.E., few questioned the doctrine of the Trinity from that time and throughout the Middle Ages. A debate arose late into the eighth century regardingRead MoreIntelligent Design Essays1315 Words   |  6 Pagesfeel this designer is the Christian God. This has also been the subject of much debate in the movement. Intelligent design cannot be understood until a few other concepts are understood. First is the theory of evolution. This is the brainchild of Charles Darwin. The theory holds that all life is related and has descended from a common ancestor. From this concept arose the theory of natural selection. In essence this concept holds that certain essential traits are passed on to the next generation

The Cost of Independence Free Essays

string(190) " the Scottish Parliament and Government would be responsible for all areas of legislation, including foreign affairs, defence and taxation, but the Queen would remain the head of the state\." â€Å"The Cost of Independence – concerns and fears of Scottish Businessmen† Martina Macakova â€Å"What business leaders in Scotland really seek to hear is a positive discussion on the future for Scotland and what part they can play in shaping it, not a re-run of old arguments about potential damage to the economy of constitutional change. † introduction Ewan Hunter, Director of HunterSearch This essay deals with a discussion about Scottish independence through the perspective of local business leaders. Its aim is to analyze their opinion on Scottish tendencies towards independence, if and to what extent could they influence the results of upcoming referendum and whether Scotland’s business companies could play a role of an ally of the UK government. We will write a custom essay sample on The Cost of Independence or any similar topic only for you Order Now It provides the analysis of the current situation, especially in the light of recent events, as the First Minister Alex Salmond, leader of the Scottish National Party (SNP), in the beginning of January announced that the referendum on Scottish Independence should be held in autumn 2014. In this essay I will attempt to come with a prediction of the possible future development of the opinion of Scottish leading business companies. For that purpose I have examined mostly newspaper articles, opinion polls, governmental documents and public speeches given by the local business representatives. As a secondary source and the introduction to the topic of Scottish Independence I found very valuable a publication written by Jo Eric Murkens, Peter Jones and Michael Keating Scottish Independence: A Practical Guide. A division of state into two sovereign parts would be very complicated and long-term process. It is a process fraught with problems and controversy. Whether it is a break up of marriage or of nations, the major bone of contemption is always the same – who gets what. The division of Czechoslovakia in late 1992 and 1993 could serve as a precedent for similar action, anyhow the situation of the Union and former Czechoslovakia differs. In Scotland’s case, controversial may be especially the separation of state debt and North Sea oil reserves; the future of military bases on the island of Clyde, home of British nuclear missiles; question of the membership in the European Union and currency issue. Despite the fact that the independence is primarily a question of national identity and political change, we cannot forget that economic prosperity is prerequisite for well-functioning state. It’s Scotland’s oil If there was an independent Scotland would it be economic failure or success? It might sound a paradoxical thing to say but the core issue related to the economics cannot be really answered correctly. According to Peter Jones, the starting point for dealing with the economics of independence needs to be existing Scotland. And current Scotland is a Scotland that operates within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. It is obvious that public spending would demand greater income as two new types of costs would affect the public sector. First of all, there are costs incurred by the need to add on functions (such as defense) and those incurred by the need to disentangle the Scottish element of such UK-wide bodies (for example Inland Revenue). Undoubtedly, Scottish government can count on the benefits from obtaining control of offshore oil and gas resources. The representatives of SNP repeatedly assert the Scotland would be among the world’s richest countries. Additional GDP acquired from the profit made by oil companies offshore is something what we can more or less rely on. Before his re-election campaign Alex Salmond grasped the opportunity to dust off SNP’s old slogan â€Å"It’s Scotland’s Oil†. It was a smart move. As the election results showed the resurrecting claim that all North Sea oil – as well as its revenues – belongs solely to Scotland, was what Scottish voters wanted to hear. Oil and gas resources themselves don’t guarantee long lasting wealth. Douglas Fraser, Scotland Business and Economy Editor at BBC, expressed his concerns that there is an elephant in the room that needs to be discussed. The price of oil is volatile and volatile price of oil means volatile income. Moreover, the trend is clearly for the volume of oil and gas production to fall, though that is partly offset by higher average prices, higher tax rates, and so buoyant revenues. Yet, an economy of an independent Scotland would be dependent on number of variable factors whose precise effects cannot be forecast. Among those unpredictable factors is a haracter of the negotiations that can either minimaze or enlarge the degree of uncertainty. The level of uncertainty affects business confidence and investment and it is something that has been often mentioned by the Scottish business representatives while comenting on the question of independence. As Peter Jones points out, another parameter which stands completely out of political control is whether the general e conomic environment is good or bad. In adverse times, business would be extremely nervous about independence as would the international markets. In this situation the price of independence could be quite high. The aim of idependence is to change the monetary, fiscal and regulatory regime which is currently the same as the in rest of the UK. The Scottish voters are likely to approve a different kind of a devolution model, which would provide more powers for the Scottish Parliament, particularly in terms of tax-varying powers and fiscal policy in general. The conclusions of a poll conducted by Ipsos MORI in November 2009 are that 66 per cent of the respondents are in favour of the Scottish Parliament having increased its powers, whether in terms of further devolution or fully independence. The attempts to get the public involved and the referendum itself should be appreciated. That is the major difference in comparison with the zero involvement of Czechoslovak citizens when the dissolution of Czechoslovakia was decided about. More explanation about the proposed concept of independence provides the â€Å"Scotland’s Future: Draft Referendum (Scotland) Bill Consultation Paper†. Independence in terms of the proposal would mean that the Scottish Parliament and Government would be responsible for all areas of legislation, including foreign affairs, defence and taxation, but the Queen would remain the head of the state. You read "The Cost of Independence" in category "Essay examples" The current political and monetary union would be replaced by a social and monarchical union. Although the monetary union would no longer exist, Scotland would keep operating within the Sterling system until it would be decided in a referendum that Euro would be accepted. Although, SNP leaders would most likely to follow the peacefull process of velvet divorce of Czechs and Slovaks, it doesn’t seem that monetary question would be the case as the issue of currency remains unclear. While the Czechs and Slovaks immediately began to create their own currency, the Scots first considered adopting the euro. In connection with lasting Eurozone crisis First Minister Alex Salmond changed his rhetorics and now claims that they would keep the pound. The SNP proposes sticking with sterling until Scots choose, by referendum, to join the euro. According to Douglas Fraser from BBC, his problem, in explaining this policy, is that remaining with sterling leaves the Treasury and Bank of England in London to set Scotland’s monetary policy, while having no influence over it. THE business of (un)certainty Until recent time, there has been almost deafening silence on whether Scotland should become an independent country from local business companies. We could argue whether the reason for the lies in potencional risk of going out on a limb, as Douglas Fraser suggest in one of his articles, or if it more simple than that and the business leaders are just too occupied with the current financial crisis. Fraser writes in his article titled Holyrood’s challenge to business: â€Å"Iain McMillan seeks to balance support of some policy with pungent criticism. On balance, he says members say the potential advantages of devolved business taxation are outweighed by the likely costs. But it is the criticism that gets McMillan noticed, and nationalist voices can increasingly be heard questioning the legitimacy of the CBI as a voice for business in Scotland. The Federation of Small Businesses, the Scottish Council Development and Industry and Scottish Chambers of Commerce are careful to sit on the fence, probably because their memberships are split on constitutional questions. It is also because the implications of the Scotland Bill, or of increased devolution of taxation powers, are so unclear. [†¦] Representing the banks, insurers and asset managers, Scottish Financial Enterprise wants to know if the tax base could be changed as well as the rate. Would there be additional complexity, and at what costs to business? How volatile would tax receipts be, and can a value be placed on the value of being part of a larger, more diverse tax base, as at present? Even asking questions, which might be seen as hostile or at least awkward, is risky territory for business. † SFE Chairman, Mark Tennant, expressed his concernes regarding independence at the end of his speech at the annual dinner in December last year: â€Å"Our approach, however, should be empirical and focused on facts and the removal of uncertainties. [†¦] Our role is to identify the questions that need to be answered and ensure that the electorate receives an answer before they vote. † Also Danny Alexander who is MP for Inverness, Nairn, Badenoch and Strathspey, and Chief Secretary to he Treasury shares opinion that uncertainty hurts economy and remarks that „if the Eurozone has taught us anything, it is that monetary union between fiscally independent states is an extremely difficult challenge. â€Å" He argues that Scottish Government says it would continue to operate within the sterling currency area, but doesn’t say how. His message to the Sco ttish leader „think carefully before sacrificing stability through independence. â€Å" Regarding to the timing of the referendum, David Lonsdale, assistant director of Glasgow-based CBI Scotland, said in an interview. We want it sooner rather than later. † From the comments above is obvious that umbrella organizations associating Scottish business companies such as CBI and SFE are taking the side of UK government claiming that referendum should be held as soon as possible and at the same time expressing serious concers about the benefits of country’s independence. For a long time it seemed that the individual business leaders adopted an ostrich strategy because few Scottish business leaders have spoken publicly about constitutional change. However, year 2012 brought a turnover as some one of managers decided to stir up the still waters a bit. Martin Gilbert, chief executive officer of Aberdeen Asset Management Plc, Scotland’s largest fund manager, spoke out: â€Å"Whether it is independence or not is a matter for the voters to decide. I would like to see all the figures so you can make an informed judgment. At the moment you don’t know what the true figures are. † Boyd Tunnock, representative of the Scottish maker of Caramel Wafers and Snowballs, commented in e-mail statement: â€Å"Scotland and Scottish business needs certainty and clarity. We need the independence referendum to be held as soon as is reasonable so that investors know where they stand. † To some extent the uncertainty was diminished by the Salmond’s clear statement about the referendum date. One of country’s leading businessmen Jim McColl welcomed the Scottish Government’s upcoming consultation on Scotland’s constitutional future by saying: â€Å"Many of us in business are convinced a prosperous future for this country depends on more powers for the parliament. Article Business leaders join in referendum debate published on Tuesday this week shows slighty more positive attitudes towards the constitutional change and vice versa express criticism towards the representatives of CBI, SFE and Westminster politicians: â€Å"Members of Scotland’s business community have refuted questions over the timing of an independence referendum and called for an end to scaremongering and a proper discussion on the merits of taking all decisions about Scotland within Scotland. [†¦] There is little hard evidence that the referendum or the prospect of Scottish independence is damaging the Scottish economy. Business leaders have in the main expressed either a neutral or a positive attitude towards constitutional change in Scotland. † The author of the article supports his argument by quoting some of the local business leaders: â€Å"Recently David Watt, Executive Director of the Institute of Directors in Scotland was asked by the BBC’s Huw Edwards whether he was concerned by the prospect of a Scottish referendum in autumn 2014, as opposed to the Westminster government’s preference for a vote as soon as possible. Mr Watt said that he thought that the date of the referendum made no difference. Having a timetable leading up to the second half of 2014 allowed businesses to plan. † Similar opinion has Dan Macdonald of Macdonald Estates: â€Å"The fact is the biggest decision in three centuries lies before us and we owe it to our children, and those who succeeded us to take whatever time is required to discuss the form and detail of what will be our New Scotland. In order to do that London politicians need to stop peddling scare stories and focus on a meaningful debate about Scotland’s future. On the same is also owner of The Residence Glasgow, Sarah Jane Walls who feels that there should be â€Å"less negative scaremongering and more positive debate about Scotland’s future,† continuing that she is â€Å"excited about the possibilities for Scotland as independent country. † According to the survey processed for the Business Insider that covered opinions of busine ss on Scotland’s independence, the majority of businesses (67 per cent) think independence for Scotland would not have a positive effect on their business with only five per cent saying it would be positive and 17 per cent unsure. Questionnaires were sent to companies listed in Insider’s TOP500, SME300 and SPRINT100 lists. One of the CEO with this opinion poll further commented: â€Å"Achieving Scottish independence will not, in itself, prove to be the panacea for the challenges being faced. After all, there is little or no evidence to show any change will be positive. Therefore, to help improve our economy appoint independent Scottish and international business experts to properly advise our inexperienced politicians to tackle the real, everyday issues of business rather than spend unnecessary time debating the future of Scotland without ny clear evidence to support how, and indeed why, the status quo should be changed. † The contrary opinion expressed David Watt, executive director in Scotland of the Institute of Directors, by saying that none of the institute’s 1600 members have expressed any concern as to a delay in a referendum vote. A spokesperson for UK Oil Gas said although the bo dy has no member consensus on the issue of independence, none of its members has raised the issue as a specific concern. Conclusion The aim of this essay was to deal with the issue of Scotland’s independence from the perspective of local business leaders. By analyzing especially newspapers articles that are dealing with the topic I learned that there are three possible attitudes towards Scotland becoming independent. One side represented mostly by CBI and SFE publicly claims that independence vote could harm Scottish economy. The opposite camp, which is primarily constituted of blue-chip companies, suggests the contrary. These positively thinking business leaders are denying comments that a delay on independence and the independence in general will destabilise the Scottish economy. The third group is classified by being neutral or by refusing to comment on the independence question. It is logical that CBI and SFE are speaking less in favour of independence and the later date of referendum as they have closer relations with the government in London than the individual organization do. In my opinion, even the business leaders that proclamated their support for independence cause and Salmon’s referendum timing feel at least some doubts. Also I think that a lot of the is actually tired of the independence talk and they would rather here from both UK’s and Scottish Government some warranties in the time of economic crisis and that the politicians will support their efforts to kick-start the ailing economy. From the side of the local business leaders there is understandable demand for answers on number of important question. That brings us back to the introduction of the essay where I comment that most of the issues regarding the economic situation of independent Scotland cannot be precisely predicted. However it sounds disappointing. Many options might take place and the situation depends on various factors that Scottish Government cannot influence. We don’t even know the answer to the fundamental question – whether there will be an independent Scotland. UK’s government is strictly against the eparation of the Union, neither the Scots itself are united on the matter and as stands out from the lines above, nor the Scottish businessmen. Still, the independence is surely more realistic than it was couple months ago. I believe that CBI and SFE could be potencial partner of the central government during the future negotiations over independence. They associate number of important companies and they could have certain influence on their members. On the other hand, there is a quite large number of companies, which are managed by people who decided to prove that the idiom â€Å"You can’t fight City Hall† is a false statement. My belief also is that business could influence the negotiations, however I wouldn’t say that companies could be determine the public opinion in general. Which side in end the majority of the business leaders joins will depend on numerous factors, especially on how skilfull in answering difficult questions will Scottish political representatives be. SNP with Alex Salmond in lead is trying something that no-one has ever tried before. To conclude I would say that I propably wouldn’t bet on my own prediction because predicting something in terms of the economic situation of independend Scotland is like predicting the unpredictable. References Murkens, Jo E. ; Jones, Peter; Keating, Michael. Scottish Independence: A Practical Guide. Edingburgh University Press, Edinburgh, 2002. Tom Clark. If one day it really is Scotland’s oil †¦ what will we do with it? The Herald Scotland, 29 October 2011. Available online: http://www. heraldscotland. com/news/home-news/if-one-day-it-really-is-scotlands-oil-what-will-we-do-with-it. 15567484 (accessed on 16 January 2012). Douglas Fraser. What would happen to Scotland’s economy after independence? BBC. 15 January 2012. Available online: http://www. bbc. co. uk/news/business-16548644 (accessed on 16 January 2012). Douglas Fraser. Holyrood’s challenge to business. BBC. 30 September 2011. Available online: http://www. bbc. co. uk/news/uk-scotland-scotland-politics-15122749 (accessed on 10 January 2012). Scotland’s Future: Draft Referendum (Scotland) Bill Consultation Paper. 15 February 2010. Available online: http://www. scotland. gov. uk/Publications/2010/02/22120157/0 (accessed on 10 January 2012). Danny Alexander. Uncertainty hurts economy. Scotland on How to cite The Cost of Independence, Essay examples

Global Sourcing Essay Example For Students

Global Sourcing Essay Why would a company go international? There are many reasons why companies would go international, but generally a company goes international so they can seek opportunities in domestic markets, or they seek solutions to problems that cannot be solved through domestic operations. There are many profitable possibilities by going internationally and these include greater profit potential, offers new locations to sell products, it may provide better access to needed raw materials, it may access to financial resources from many nations, and lastly it may allow labour-intensive activities to locate in countries with lower labour costs. For a small business to become an international business they must use five guidelines the first is global sourcing, exporting and importing, licensing and franchising, joint ventures, and wholly owned subsidiaries. The first two are market entry strategies and the remaining are direct investment strategies. GLOBAL SOURCINGThe first step in doing internation al business, this involves manufacturing and/or purchasing of components in different regions of the world and then putting them together to make the final product. The benefit of producing a product in a different part of the world is it can be done at a lower cost. For example Indonesia boasts among the lowest costs in the world, a big domestic market, and proximity to the rest of Asia. As a result, some companies are not merely sticking around they are expanding. Coca-Cola plans to open a new bottling plant next year. All told, over the past three years, the government has approved $26.2 billion in new foreign investment. Officials say foreign investors, apart from petroleum and financial-services companies, employ 3.5 million Indonesians, or 3.5% of the workforce. EXPORTING AND IMPORTINGExporting is the commercial activity of selling and shipping a good or goods to a foreign country. Importing is the commercial activity of buying and bringing in goods from a foreign country. The benefits of exporting and importing are good to a countries economy as it creates local jobs. The Honda plant in Alliston exports the Honda Civic (a three door hatchback and four-door sedan) as well it is the only facility in the world that builds the full-size Odyssey minivan and the Acura MDX sport utility vehicle. LICENSING AND FRANCHISINGLicensing occurs when a firm pays a fee and enters into a licensing agreement giving it the rights to another companys product, resulting in the rights to make or sell that companys product. The potential benefit of licensing is that it is a way to transfer technology from one country to another. Franchising is a form of licensing but instead of buying a product you buy a complete package of support needed to open a particular business. The benefit of franchising is for example Wendys sells a franchise, but they retain certain product and operating controls. JOINT VENTURESIt is a venture by a partnership or corporation designed to share risk or expertise. The benefit of joint venture is that everyone benefits. Both sides benefit from each others markets. In mid-June, Renault announced a joint venture with Suzuki assembler Indomobil that will assemble and distribute several Renault models. WHOLLY OWNED SUBSIDIARIESIt is an operation completely and totally owned by another firm. Thirty-four Arbys Restaurants that are located in the Chicago land area is operated as wholly owned subsidiaries of Lunan Corporation. The reasons outlined above are very important and beneficial to a small company that is going towards the international scene. In all of the examples managements decisions were affected as the firms began to grow, and increase. There are the five steps to follow in becoming an international company.